## ASxxxx Cross Assembler Documentation

                                  SDCCASxxxx Assemblers

                                           and

                              SDCC ASLINK Relocating Linker

                                      Version   2.0
                                       August 1998

                                                                      Page 2

                                      P R E F A C E

               The  ASxxxx  assemblers  were  written following the style of
            several cross assemblers found in the Digital Equipment Corpora-
            tion  Users  Society  (DECUS)  distribution of the C programming
            language.  The DECUS code was provided with no documentation  as
            to  the  input  syntax  or the output format.  Study of the code
            revealed that the unknown author of the code  had  attempted  to
            formulate  an assembler with attributes similiar to those of the
            PDP-11 MACRO assembler (without macro's).  The  incomplete  code
            from  the  DECUS C distribution has been largely rewritten, only
            the program structure, and C source  file  organization  remains
            relatively  unchanged.   However, I wish to thank the author for
            his contribution to this set of assemblers.

               The  ASLINK  program was written as a companion to the ASxxxx
            assemblers, its design and implementation was not  derived  from
            any other work.

               I  would  greatly  appreciate  receiving  the  details of any
            changes, additions, or errors pertaining to these  programs  and
            will  attempt  to  incorporate  any  fixes  or  generally useful
            changes in a future update to these programs.

                    Alan R.  Baldwin
                    Kent State University
                    Physics Department
                    Kent, Ohio 44242
                    U.S.A.

                    http://shop-pdp.kent.edu/ashtml/asxxxx.htm

                    baldwin@shop-pdp.kent.edu
                    tel:  (330) 672 2531
                    fax:  (330) 672 2959

                   E N D   U S E R   L I C E N S E   A G R E E M E N T

              This  program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or
            modify  it under the terms of the GNU General Public License  as
            published  by the Free Software Foundation; either version 3, or
            (at your option) any later version.

              This  program  is  distributed  in the hope that  it  will  be
            useful,  but  WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY;  without  even  the  implied
            warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
            See the GNU General Public License for more details.

              You  should  have  received a copy of the GNU  General  Public
            License     along     with    this program.      If not,     see
            <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

                                                                      Page 3

                                 C O N T R I B U T O R S

               Thanks  to  Marko  Makela  for his contribution of the AS6500
            cross assembler.

                    Marko Makela
                    Sillitie 10 A
                    01480 Vantaa
                    Finland
                    Internet: Marko.Makela@Helsinki.Fi
                    EARN/BitNet: msmakela@finuh

               Thanks  to  John  Hartman  for his contribution of the AS8051
            cross assembler and updates to the ASxxxx and ASLINK internals.

                    John L. Hartman
                    jhartman@compuserve.com
                    http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/jhartman/

               Thanks  to  G.   Osborn  for his contributions to LKS19.C and
            LKIHX.C.

                    G. Osborn
                    gary@s-4.com

                                                                      Page 4

            ASxxxx Cross Assemblers, Version 2.00, August 1998

            Submitted by Alan R.  Baldwin,
            Kent State University, Kent, Ohio

            Operating System:  TSX+, RT-11, MS/DOS, PDOS
            or other supporting K&R C.

            Source Langauge:  C

            Abstract:

               The  ASxxxx  assemblers are a series of microprocessor assem-
            blers written in the C programming  language.   This  collection
            contains cross assemblers for the 6800(6802/6808), 6801(hd6303),
            6804,  6805,  68HC08,  6809,  68HC11,  68HC12,   68HC16,   8051,
            8085(8080),  z80(hd64180),  H8/3xx, and 6500 series microproces-
            sors.  Each  assembler  has  a  device  specific  section  which
            includes:   (1)  device description, byte order, and file exten-
            sion information, (2) a table of assembler  general  directives,
            special directives, assembler mnemonics and associated operation
            codes, (3) machine  specific  code  for  processing  the  device
            mnemonics, addressing modes, and special directives.

               The assemblers have a common device independent section which
            handles the details of file input/output, symbol  table  genera-
            tion,  program/data  areas,  expression  analysis, and assembler
            directive processing.

               The  assemblers  provide  the following features:  (1) alpha-
            betized, formatted symbol table listings, (2) relocatable object
            modules, (3) global symbols for linking object modules, (4) con-
            ditional assembly directives, (5) reusable  local  symbols,  and
            (6) include-file processing.

               The  companion program ASLINK is a relocating linker perform-
            ing the following functions:  (1) bind multiple  object  modules
            into  a  single  memory  image,  (2) resolve inter-module symbol
            references,  (3)  resolve  undefined  symbols   from   specified
            librarys of object modules, (4) process absolute, relative, con-
            catenated, and overlay attributes in data and program  sections,
            (5)  perform  byte and word program-counter relative (pc or pcr)
            addressing calculations, (6) define absolute  symbol  values  at
            link  time, (7) define absolute area base address values at link
            time, (8) produce Intel Hex or Motorola  S19  output  file,  (9)
            produce  a  map  of the linked memory image, and (10) update the
            ASxxxx assembler listing files  with  the  absolute  linked  ad-
            dresses and data.

               The  assemblers  and  linker  have  been tested using DECUS C
            under TSX+ and RT-11, PDOS C V5.4b, and Symantec C/C++ V6.1/V7.2
            under  DOS/Windows  3.x/95.  Complete source code and documenta-
            tion for the assemblers and linker is included with the  distri-
            bution.   Additionally, test code for each assembler and several
            microprocessor monitors ( ASSIST05  for  the  6805,  MONDEB  and
            ASSIST09  for  the  6809,  and BUFFALO 2.5 for the 6811) are in-
            cluded as working examples of use of these assemblers.

            CHAPTER 1  THE ASSEMBLER                                     1-1
              1.1     THE ASXXXX ASSEMBLERS                              1-1
              1.1.1     Assembly Pass 1                                  1-2
              1.1.2     Assembly Pass 2                                  1-2
              1.1.3     Assembly Pass 3                                  1-2
              1.2     SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT                              1-3
              1.2.1     Statement Format                                 1-3
              1.2.1.1     Label Field                                    1-3
              1.2.1.2     Operator Field                                 1-5
              1.2.1.3     Operand Field                                  1-5
              1.2.1.4     Comment Field                                  1-6
              1.3     SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS                            1-6
              1.3.1     Character Set                                    1-6
              1.3.2     User-Defined Symbols                            1-10
              1.3.3     Local Symbols                                   1-11
              1.3.4     Current Location Counter                        1-12
              1.3.5     Numbers                                         1-14
              1.3.6     Terms                                           1-14
              1.3.7     Expressions                                     1-15
              1.4     GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES                      1-16
              1.4.1     .module Directive                               1-16
              1.4.2     .title Directive                                1-17
              1.4.3     .sbttl Directive                                1-17
              1.4.4     .page Directive                                 1-17
              1.4.5     .byte and .db Directives                        1-17
              1.4.6     .word and .dw Directives                        1-18
              1.4.7     .blkb, .blkw, and .ds Directives                1-18
              1.4.8     .ascii Directive                                1-18
              1.4.9     .ascis Directive                                1-19
              1.4.10    .asciz Directive                                1-19
              1.4.11    .radix Directive                                1-20
              1.4.12    .even Directive                                 1-20
              1.4.13    .odd Directive                                  1-20
              1.4.14    .area Directive                                 1-21
              1.4.15    .org Directive                                  1-22
              1.4.16    .globl Directive                                1-23
              1.4.17    .if, .else, and .endif Directives               1-23
              1.4.18    .include Directive                              1-24
              1.4.19    .setdp Directive                                1-25
              1.5     INVOKING ASXXXX                                   1-27
              1.6     ERRORS                                            1-28
              1.7     LISTING FILE                                      1-29
              1.8     SYMBOL TABLE FILE                                 1-30
              1.9     OBJECT FILE                                       1-31

            CHAPTER 2  THE LINKER                                        2-1
              2.1     ASLINK RELOCATING LINKER                           2-1
              2.2     INVOKING ASLINK                                    2-2
              2.3     LIBRARY PATH(S) AND FILE(S)                        2-3
              2.4     ASLINK PROCESSING                                  2-4
              2.5     LINKER INPUT FORMAT                                2-6
              2.5.1     Object Module Format                             2-6
              2.5.2     Header Line                                      2-6
              2.5.3     Module Line                                      2-7
              2.5.4     Symbol Line                                      2-7
              2.5.5     Area Line                                        2-7

                                                                     Page ii

              2.5.6     T Line                                           2-7
              2.5.7     R Line                                           2-8
              2.5.8     P Line                                           2-8
              2.6     LINKER ERROR MESSAGES                              2-9
              2.7     INTEL HEX OUTPUT FORMAT                           2-11
              2.8     MOTORLA S1-S9 OUTPUT FORMAT                       2-12

            CHAPTER 3  BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK                        3-1
              3.1     BUILDING AN ASSEMBLER                              3-1
              3.2     BUILDING ASLINK                                    3-2

            APPENDIX A  AS6800 ASSEMBLER                                 A-1
              A.1     6800 REGISTER SET                                  A-1
              A.2     6800 INSTRUCTION SET                               A-1
              A.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            A-2
              A.2.2     Branch Instructions                              A-2
              A.2.3     Single Operand Instructions                      A-3
              A.2.4     Double Operand Instructions                      A-4
              A.2.5     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         A-4
              A.2.6     Long Register Instructions                       A-5

            APPENDIX B  AS6801 ASSEMBLER                                 B-1
              B.1     .hd6303 DIRECTIVE                                  B-1
              B.2     6801 REGISTER SET                                  B-1
              B.3     6801 INSTRUCTION SET                               B-1
              B.3.1     Inherent Instructions                            B-2
              B.3.2     Branch Instructions                              B-2
              B.3.3     Single Operand Instructions                      B-3
              B.3.4     Double Operand Instructions                      B-4
              B.3.5     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         B-5
              B.3.6     Long Register Instructions                       B-5
              B.3.7     6303 Specific Instructions                       B-5

            APPENDIX C  AS6804 ASSEMBLER                                 C-1
              C.1     6804 REGISTER SET                                  C-1
              C.2     6804 INSTRUCTION SET                               C-1
              C.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            C-2
              C.2.2     Branch Instructions                              C-2
              C.2.3     Single Operand Instructions                      C-2
              C.2.4     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         C-2
              C.2.5     Bit Test Instructions                            C-2
              C.2.6     Load Immediate data Instruction                  C-3
              C.2.7     6804 Derived Instructions                        C-3

            APPENDIX D  AS6805 ASSEMBLER                                 D-1
              D.1     6805 REGISTER SET                                  D-1
              D.2     6805 INSTRUCTION SET                               D-1
              D.2.1     Control Instructions                             D-2
              D.2.2     Bit Manipulation Instructions                    D-2
              D.2.3     Branch Instructions                              D-2
              D.2.4     Read-Modify-Write Instructions                   D-3
              D.2.5     Register\Memory Instructions                     D-3

                                                                    Page iii

              D.2.6     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         D-4

            APPENDIX E  AS6808 ASSEMBLER                                 E-1
              E.1     68HC08 REGISTER SET                                E-1
              E.2     68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET                             E-1
              E.2.1     Control Instructions                             E-2
              E.2.2     Bit Manipulation Instructions                    E-2
              E.2.3     Branch Instructions                              E-3
              E.2.4     Complex Branch Instructions                      E-3
              E.2.5     Read-Modify-Write Instructions                   E-4
              E.2.6     Register\Memory Instructions                     E-5
              E.2.7     Double Operand Move Instruction                  E-5
              E.2.8     16-Bit <H:X> Index Register Instructions         E-5
              E.2.9     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         E-5

            APPENDIX F  AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                 F-1
              F.1     6809 REGISTER SET                                  F-1
              F.2     6809 INSTRUCTION SET                               F-1
              F.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            F-3
              F.2.2     Short Branch Instructions                        F-3
              F.2.3     Long Branch Instructions                         F-3
              F.2.4     Single Operand Instructions                      F-4
              F.2.5     Double Operand Instructions                      F-5
              F.2.6     D-register Instructions                          F-5
              F.2.7     Index/Stack Register Instructions                F-5
              F.2.8     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         F-6
              F.2.9     Register - Register Instructions                 F-6
              F.2.10    Condition Code Register Instructions             F-6
              F.2.11    6800 Compatibility Instructions                  F-6

            APPENDIX G  AS6811 ASSEMBLER                                 G-1
              G.1     68HC11 REGISTER SET                                G-1
              G.2     68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET                             G-1
              G.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            G-2
              G.2.2     Branch Instructions                              G-2
              G.2.3     Single Operand Instructions                      G-3
              G.2.4     Double Operand Instructions                      G-4
              G.2.5     Bit Manupulation Instructions                    G-4
              G.2.6     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         G-5
              G.2.7     Long Register Instructions                       G-5

            APPENDIX H  AS6812 ASSEMBLER                                 H-1
              H.1     68HC12 REGISTER SET                                H-1
              H.2     68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET                             H-1
              H.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            H-3
              H.2.2     Short Branch Instructions                        H-3
              H.2.3     Long Branch Instructions                         H-3
              H.2.4     Branch on Decrement, Test, or Increment          H-4
              H.2.5     Bit Clear and Set Instructions                   H-4
              H.2.6     Branch on Bit Clear or Set                       H-4
              H.2.7     Single Operand Instructions                      H-5
              H.2.8     Double Operand Instructions                      H-6

                                                                     Page iv

              H.2.9     Move Instructions                                H-6
              H.2.10    D-register Instructions                          H-6
              H.2.11    Index/Stack Register Instructions                H-7
              H.2.12    Jump and Jump/Call to Subroutine
                        Instructions                                     H-7
              H.2.13    Other Special Instructions                       H-7
              H.2.14    Register - Register Instructions                 H-7
              H.2.15    Condition Code Register Instructions             H-7
              H.2.16    M68HC11 Compatibility Mode Instructions          H-8

            APPENDIX I  AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                 I-1
              I.1     68HC16 REGISTER SET                                I-1
              I.2     68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET                             I-1
              I.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            I-2
              I.2.2     Push/Pull Multiple Register Instructions         I-3
              I.2.3     Short Branch Instructions                        I-3
              I.2.4     Long Branch Instructions                         I-3
              I.2.5     Bit Manipulation Instructions                    I-3
              I.2.6     Single Operand Instructions                      I-4
              I.2.7     Double Operand Instructions                      I-5
              I.2.8     Index/Stack Register Instructions                I-5
              I.2.9     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         I-6
              I.2.10    Condition Code Register Instructions             I-6
              I.2.11    Multiply and Accumulate Instructions             I-6

            APPENDIX J  ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                   J-1
              J.1     H8/3XX REGISTER SET                                J-1
              J.2     H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET                             J-1
              J.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            J-2
              J.2.2     Branch Instructions                              J-2
              J.2.3     Single Operand Instructions                      J-3
              J.2.4     Double Operand Instructions                      J-4
              J.2.5     Mov Instructions                                 J-5
              J.2.6     Bit Manipulation Instructions                    J-6
              J.2.7     Extended Bit Manipulation Instructions           J-7
              J.2.8     Condition Code Instructions                      J-7
              J.2.9     Other Instructions                               J-8
              J.2.10    Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         J-8

            APPENDIX K  AS8051 ASSEMBLER                                 K-1
              K.1     ACKNOWLEDGMENT                                     K-1
              K.2     8051 REGISTER SET                                  K-1
              K.3     8051 INSTRUCTION SET                               K-2
              K.3.1     Inherent Instructions                            K-2
              K.3.2     Move Instructions                                K-3
              K.3.3     Single Operand Instructions                      K-3
              K.3.4     Two Operand Instructions                         K-4
              K.3.5     Call and Return Instructions                     K-4
              K.3.6     Jump Instructions                                K-4
              K.3.7     Predefined Symbols:  SFR Map                     K-5
              K.3.8     Predefined Symbols:  SFR Bit Addresses           K-6
              K.3.9     Predefined Symbols:  Control Bits                K-7

                                                                      Page v

            APPENDIX L  AS8085 ASSEMBLER                                 L-1
              L.1     8085 REGISTER SET                                  L-1
              L.2     8085 INSTRUCTION SET                               L-1
              L.2.1     Inherent Instructions                            L-2
              L.2.2     Register/Memory/Immediate Instructions           L-2
              L.2.3     Call and Return Instructions                     L-2
              L.2.4     Jump Instructions                                L-2
              L.2.5     Input/Output/Reset Instructions                  L-3
              L.2.6     Move Instructions                                L-3
              L.2.7     Other Instructions                               L-3

            APPENDIX M  ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                  M-1
              M.1     .hd64 DIRECTIVE                                    M-1
              M.2     Z80 REGISTER SET AND CONDITIONS                    M-1
              M.3     Z80 INSTRUCTION SET                                M-2
              M.3.1     Inherent Instructions                            M-3
              M.3.2     Implicit Operand Instructions                    M-3
              M.3.3     Load Instruction                                 M-4
              M.3.4     Call/Return Instructions                         M-4
              M.3.5     Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions         M-4
              M.3.6     Bit Manipulation Instructions                    M-5
              M.3.7     Interrupt Mode and Reset Instructions            M-5
              M.3.8     Input and Output Instructions                    M-5
              M.3.9     Register Pair Instructions                       M-5
              M.3.10    HD64180 Specific Instructions                    M-6

            APPENDIX N  AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                 N-1
              N.1     ACKNOWLEDGMENT                                     N-1
              N.2     6500 REGISTER SET                                  N-2
              N.3     6500 INSTRUCTION SET                               N-2
              N.3.1     Processor Specific Directives                    N-3
              N.3.2     65xx Core Inherent Instructions                  N-3
              N.3.3     65xx Core Branch Instructions                    N-3
              N.3.4     65xx Core Single Operand Instructions            N-3
              N.3.5     65xx Core Double Operand Instructions            N-4
              N.3.6     65xx Core Jump and Jump to Subroutine
                        Instructions                                     N-4
              N.3.7     65xx Core Miscellaneous X and Y Register
                        Instructions                                     N-4
              N.3.8     65F11 and 65F12 Specific Instructions            N-5
              N.3.9     65C00/21 and 65C29 Specific Instructions         N-5
              N.3.10    65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 Specific
                        Instructions                                     N-6

                                        CHAPTER 1

                                      THE ASSEMBLER

            1.1  THE ASXXXX ASSEMBLERS

               The  ASxxxx  assemblers are a series of microprocessor assem-
            blers written in the C programming language.  Each assembler has
            a device specific section which includes:

                 1.  device  description, byte order, and file extension in-
                     formation

                 2.  a  table  of  the assembler general directives, special
                     device directives, assembler mnemonics  and  associated
                     operation codes

                 3.  machine specific code for processing the device mnemon-
                     ics, addressing modes, and special directives

            The device specific information is detailed in the appendices.

               The assemblers have a common device independent section which
            handles the details of file input/output, symbol  table  genera-
            tion,  program/data  areas,  expression  analysis, and assembler
            directive processing.

            The assemblers provide the following features:

                 1.  Command string control of assembly functions

                 2.  Alphabetized, formatted symbol table listing

                 3.  Relocatable object modules

                 4.  Global symbols for linking object modules

                 5.  Conditional assembly directives

            THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-2
            THE ASXXXX ASSEMBLERS

                 6.  Program sectioning directives

               ASxxxx assembles one or more source files into a single relo-
            catable ascii object file.  The output of the ASxxxx  assemblers
            consists of an ascii relocatable object file(*.rel), an assembly
            listing file(*.lst), and a symbol file(*.sym).

            1.1.1  Assembly Pass 1

               During  pass  1, ASxxxx opens all source files and performs a
            rudimenatry assembly of each source statement.  During this pro-
            cess  all symbol tables are built, program sections defined, and
            number of bytes for each assembled source line is estimated.

               At the end of pass 1 all undefined symbols may be made global
            (external) using the ASxxxx switch -g, otherwise undefined  sym-
            bols will be flagged as errors during succeeding passes.

            1.1.2  Assembly Pass 2

               During  pass  2  the ASxxxx assembler resolves forward refer-
            ences and determines the number  of  bytes  for  each  assembled
            line.   The  number  of bytes used by a particular assembler in-
            struction may depend upon the addressing mode, whether  the  in-
            struction allows multiple forms based upon the relative distance
            to the addressed location, or other factors.   Pass  2  resolves
            these cases and determines the address of all symbols.

            1.1.3  Assembly Pass 3

               Pass 3 by the assembler generates the listing file, the relo-
            catable output file, and the symbol tables.  Also during pass  3
            the errors will be reported.

               The  relocatable object file is an ascii file containing sym-
            bol references and definitions, program  area  definitions,  and
            the  relocatable assembled code, the linker ASLINK will use this
            information to generate an absolute load file (Motorola or Intel
            formats).

            THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-3
            SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT

            1.2  SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT

            1.2.1  Statement Format

               A source program is composed of assembly-language statements.
            Each statement must be completed on one line.  A line  may  con-
            tain a maximum of 128 characters, longer lines are truncated and
            lost.

               An  ASxxxx  assembler  statement  may  have  as  many as four
            fields.  These fields are identified by their order  within  the
            statement  and/or  by separating characters between fields.  The
            general format of the ASxxxx statement is:

                  [label:]  Operator        Operand         [;Comment(s)]

               The  label and comment fields are optional.  The operator and
            operand fields are interdependent.  The operator field may be an
            assembler  directive or an assembly mnemonic.  The operand field
            may be optional or required as defined in  the  context  of  the
            operator.

               ASxxxx  interprets  and  processes source statements one at a
            time.  Each statement causes a particular operation to  be  per-
            formed.

            1.2.1.1  Label Field  -

               A  label is a user-defined symbol which is assigned the value
            of the current location counter and entered into  the  user  de-
            fined  symbol  table.   The  current location counter is used by
            ASxxxx to assign memory addresses to the source  program  state-
            ments as they are encountered during the assembly process.  Thus
            a label is a means  of  symbolically  referring  to  a  specific
            statement.

               When  a program section is absolute, the value of the current
            location counter is absolute;  its value references an  absolute
            memory  address.   Similarly, when a program section is relocat-
            able, the value of the current location counter is  relocatable.
            A  relocation  bias  calculated at link time is added to the ap-
            parent value of the current location counter  to  establish  its
            effective  absolute  address  at  execution time.  (The user can
            also force the linker to relocate sections defined as  absolute.
            This may be required under special circumstances.)

               If  present,  a  label  must  be  the first field in a source
            statement and must be terminated by a colon (:).   For  example,

            THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-4
            SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT

            if  the  value  of  the  current  location  counter  is absolute
            01F0(H), the statement:

                  abcd:     nop

            assigns  the  value  01F0(H) to the label abcd.  If the location
            counter value were relocatable, the final value of abcd would be
            01F0(H)+K, where K represents the relocation bias of the program
            section, as calculated by the linker at link time.

               More  than  one label may appear within a single label field.
            Each label so specified is assigned the same address value.  For
            example,  if  the  value  of  the  current  location  counter is
            1FF0(H), the multiple labels in the following statement are each
            assigned the value 1FF0(H):

                  abcd:     aq:     $abc:   nop

               Multiple labels may also appear on successive lines.  For ex-
            ample, the statements

                  abcd:
                  aq:
                  $abc:     nop

            likewise  cause  the  same value to be assigned to all three la-
            bels.

               A  double  colon  (::)  defines the label as a global symbol.
            For example, the statement

                  abcd::    nop

            establishes the label abcd as a global symbol.  The distinguish-
            ing attribute of a global symbol is that it  can  be  referenced
            from  within an object module other than the module in which the
            symbol is defined.  References to this label  in  other  modules
            are  resolved when the modules are linked as a composite execut-
            able image.

            The legal characters for defining labels are:

                    A through Z
                    a through z
                    0 through 9
                    . (Period)
                    $ (Dollar sign)
                    _ (underscore)

               A  label  may  be  any  length,  however  only  the  first 79
            characters are significant and, therefore must be  unique  among
            all   labels  in  the  source  program  (not  necessarily  among

            THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-5
            SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT

            separately compiled modules).  An error code(s) (m or p) will be
            generated  in the assembly listing if the first 79 characters in
            two or more labels are the same.  The m code is  caused  by  the
            redeclaration  of  the symbol or its reference by another state-
            ment.  The p code is generated because the symbols  location  is
            changing on each pass through the source file.

               The  label  must  not  start with the characters 0-9, as this
            designates a local symbol with special attributes described in a
            later section.

               The  label  must  not  start  with  the  sequence $$, as this
            represents the temporary radix 16 for constants.

            1.2.1.2  Operator Field  -

               The  operator field specifies the action to be performed.  It
            may consist of an instruction mnemonic (op code) or an assembler
            directive.

               When  the  operator is an instruction mnemonic, a machine in-
            struction is generated and the assembler evaluates the addresses
            of  the operands which follow.  When the operator is a directive
            ASxxxx performs certain control actions or processing operations
            during assembly of the source program.

               Leading  and  trailing  spaces  or tabs in the operator field
            have no significance;  such characters serve  only  to  separate
            the operator field from the preceeding and following fields.

               An operator is terminated by a space, tab or end of line.

            1.2.1.3  Operand Field  -

               When  the  operator is an instruction mnemonic (op code), the
            operand  field  contains  program  variables  that  are  to   be
            evaluated/manipulated by the operator.

               Operands  may  be  expressions  or  symbols, depending on the
            operator.  Multiple expressions used in the operand  fields  may
            be  separated  by a comma.  An operand should be preceeded by an
            operator field;  if it is not, the statement will give an  error
            (q  or  o).   All  operands  following instruction mnemonics are
            treated as expressions.

               The operand field is terminated by a semicolon when the field
            is followed  by  a  comment.   For  example,  in  the  following
            statement:

                  label:    lda     abcd,x          ;Comment field

            THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-6
            SOURCE PROGRAM FORMAT

            the  tab  between lda and abcd terminates the operator field and
            defines the beginning of the operand field;  a  comma  separates
            the operands abcd and x;  and a semicolon terminates the operand
            field and defines the beginning of the comment field.   When  no
            comment  field  follows,  the operand field is terminated by the
            end of the source line.

            1.2.1.4  Comment Field  -

               The comment field begins with a semicolon and extends through
            the end of the line.  This field is optional and may contain any
            7-bit ascii character except null.

               Comments  do not affect assembly processing or program execu-
            tion.

            1.3  SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

               This  section  describes the generic components of the ASxxxx
            assemblers:  the character set, the conventions observed in con-
            structing  symbols,  and  the use of numbers, operators, and ex-
            pressions.

            1.3.1  Character Set

               The following characters are legal in ASxxxx source programs:

                 1.  The  letters  A  through Z.  Both upper- and lower-case
                     letters are acceptable.  The  assemblers,  by  default,
                     are  not  case  sensitive,  i.e.  ABCD and abcd are the
                     same symbols.  (The assemblers can be made case  sensi-
                     tive by using the -z command line option.)

                 2.  The digits 0 through 9

                 3.  The  characters . (period), $ (dollar sign), and _ (un-
                     derscore).

                 4.  The special characters listed in Tables 1 through 6.

               Tables  1  through  6  describe  the various ASxxxx label and
            field terminators, assignment operators, operand separators, as-
            sembly, unary, binary, and radix operators.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-7
            SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

            Table 1         Label Terminators and Assignment Operators
            ----------------------------------------------------------------

                    :   Colon               Label terminator.

                    ::  Double colon        Label  Terminator;   defines the
                                            label as a global label.

                    =   Equal sign          Direct assignment operator.

                    ==  Double equal        Direct assignment operator;
                        sign                defines  the  symbol as a global
                                            symbol.

            ----------------------------------------------------------------

            Table 2         Field Terminators and Operand Separators
            ----------------------------------------------------------------

                        Tab                 Item or field terminator.

                        Space               Item or field terminator.

                    ,   Comma               Operand field separator.

                    ;   Semicolon           Comment field indicator.

            ----------------------------------------------------------------

            Table 3         Assembler Operators
            ----------------------------------------------------------------

                    #   Number sign         Immediate expression indicator.

                    .   Period              Current location counter.

                    (   Left parenthesis    Expression delimiter.

                    )   Right parenthesis   Expression delimeter.

            ----------------------------------------------------------------

            THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-8
            SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

            Table 4         Unary Operators
            ----------------------------------------------------------------

                    <   Left bracket        <FEDC   Produces  the lower byte
                                                    value of the expression.
                                                    (DC)

                    >   Right bracket       >FEDC   Produces  the upper byte
                                                    value of the expression.
                                                    (FE)

                    +   Plus sign           +A      Positive value of A

                    -   Minus sign          -A      Produces   the  negative
                                                    (2's complement) of A.

                    ~   Tilde               ~A      Produces the 1's comple-
                                                    ment of A.

                    '   Single quote        'D      Produces  the  value  of
                                                    the character D.

                    "   Double quote        "AB     Produces the double byte
                                                    value for AB.

                    \   Backslash           '\n     Unix style characters
                                                    \b, \f, \n, \r, \t
                                         or '\001   or octal byte values.

            ----------------------------------------------------------------

            THE ASSEMBLER                                           PAGE 1-9
            SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

            Table 5         Binary Operators
            ----------------------------------------------------------------

                    <<  Double          0800 << 4   Produces the 4 bit
                        Left bracket                left-shifted   value  of
                                                    0800.  (8000)

                    >>  Double          0800 >> 4   Produces the 4 bit
                        Right bracket               right-shifted  value  of
                                                    0800.  (0080)

                    +   Plus sign       A + B       Arithmetic      Addition
                                                    operator.

                    -   Minus sign      A - B       Arithmetic   Subtraction
                                                    operator.

                    *   Asterisk        A * B       Arithmetic   Multiplica-
                                                    tion operator.   (signed
                                                    16-bit)

                    /   Slash           A / B       Arithmetic      Division
                                                    operator.        (signed
                                                    16-bit quotient)

                    &   Ampersand       A & B       Logical AND operator.

                    |   Bar             A | B       Logical OR operator.

                    %   Percent sign    A % B       Modulus operator.
                                                    (16-bit value)

                    ^   Up arrow or     A ^ B       EXCLUSIVE OR operator.
                        circumflex

            ----------------------------------------------------------------

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-10
            SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

            Table 6         Temporary Radix Operators
            ----------------------------------------------------------------

                    $%,   0b, 0B            Binary radix operator.

                    $&,   0o, 0O, 0q, 0Q    Octal radix operator.

                    $#,   0d, 0D            Decimal radix operator.

                    $$,   0h, 0H, 0x, 0X    Hexidecimal radix operator.

                    Potential  ambiguities arising from the use of 0b and 0d
                    as temporary radix operators may be circumvented by pre-
                    ceding  all  non-prefixed  hexidecimal  numbers with 00.
                    Leading 0's are required in any  case  where  the  first
                    hexidecimal  digit is abcdef as the assembler will treat
                    the letter sequence as a label.

            ----------------------------------------------------------------

            1.3.2  User-Defined Symbols

               User-defined  symbols are those symbols that are equated to a
            specific value through a direct assignment statement  or  appear
            as  labels.  These symbols are added to the User Symbol Table as
            they are encountered during assembly.

            The following rules govern the creation of user-defined symbols:

                 1.  Symbols  can  be  composed  of alphanumeric characters,
                     dollar signs ($),  periods  (.),  and  underscores  (_)
                     only.

                 2.  The  first  character  of a symbol must not be a number
                     (except in the case of local symbols).

                 3.  The  first 79 characters of a symbol must be unique.  A
                     symbol  can  be  written  with  more  than   79   legal
                     characters,  but the 80th and subsequent characters are
                     ignored.

                 4.  Spaces and Tabs must not be embedded within a symbol.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-11
            SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

            1.3.3  Local Symbols

               Local  symbols are specially formatted symbols used as labels
            within a block of coding that has been delimited as a local sym-
            bol  block.   Local  symbols  are  of  the form n$, where n is a
            decimal integer from 0 to 255,  inclusive.   Examples  of  local
            symbols are:

                  1$
                  27$
                  138$
                  244$

               The  range  of  a local symbol block consists of those state-
            ments between two normally constructed  symbolic  labels.   Note
            that a statement of the form:

                  ALPHA = EXPRESSION

            is a direct assignment statement but does not create a label and
            thus does not delimit the range of a local symbol block.

               Note that the range of a local symbol block may extend across
            program areas.

               Local symbols provide a convenient means of generating labels
            for branch instructions and other such references  within  local
            symbol  blocks.   Using local symbols reduces the possibility of
            symbols with multiple definitions appearing within a  user  pro-
            gram.   In  addition,  the  use  of local symbols differentiates
            entry-point labels from local labels, since local labels  cannot
            be referenced from outside their respective local symbol blocks.
            Thus, local symbols of the same name can appear in  other  local
            symbol blocks without conflict.  Local symbols require less sym-
            bol table space than normal symbols.  Their use is recommended.

               The  use of the same local symbol within a local symbol block
            will generate one or both of the m or p errors.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-12
            SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

            Example of local symbols:

                    a:      ldx     #atable ;get table address
                            lda     #0d48   ;table length
                    1$:     clr     ,x+     ;clear
                            deca
                            bne     1$

                    b:      ldx     #btable ;get table address
                            lda     #0d48   ;table length
                    1$:     clr     ,x+     ;clear
                            deca
                            bne     1$

            1.3.4  Current Location Counter

               The  period  (.) is the symbol for the current location coun-
            ter.  When used in the operand  field  of  an  instruction,  the
            period   represents  the  address  of  the  first  byte  of  the
            instruction:

                    AS:     ldx     #.      ;The period (.) refers to
                                            ;the address of the ldx
                                            ;instruction.

               When  used  in  the  operand field of an ASxxxx directive, it
            represents the address of the current byte or word:

                    QK = 0

                    .word   0xFFFE,.+4,QK   ;The operand .+4 in the .word
                                            ;directive represents a value
                                            ;stored in the second of the
                                            ;three words during assembly.

               If  we  assume  the  current  value of the program counter is
            0H0200, then during assembly, ASxxxx  reserves  three  words  of
            storage  starting  at  location 0H0200.  The first value, a hex-
            idecimal constant FFFE, will be stored at location 0H0200.   The
            second  value  represented  by  .+4  will  be stored at location
            0H0202, its value will be 0H0206 ( = 0H0202  +  4).   The  third
            value  defined  by  the  symbol  QK  will  be placed at location
            0H0204.

               At the beginning of each assembly pass, ASxxxx resets the lo-
            cation counter.  Normally, consecutive memory locations are  as-
            signed  to  each  byte  of  object code generated.  However, the
            value of the location counter can be changed  through  a  direct
            assignment statement of the following form:

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-13
            SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

                  . = . + expression

               The  new  location  counter can only be specified relative to
            the current location counter.  Neglecting to specify the current
            program  counter  along with the expression on the right side of
            the assignment operator will generate the (.) error.   (Absolute
            program areas may use the .org directive to specify the absolute
            location of the current program counter.)

            The following coding illustrates the use of the current location
            counter:

                    .area   CODE1   (ABS)   ;program area CODE1
                                            ;is ABSOLUTE

                    .org    0H100           ;set location to
                                            ;0H100 absolute

            num1:   ldx     #.+0H10         ;The label num1 has
                                            ;the value 0H100.
                                            ;X is loaded with
                                            ;0H100 + 0H10

                    .org    0H130           ;location counter
                                            ;set to 0H130

            num2:   ldy     #.              ;The label num2 has
                                            ;the value 0H130.
                                            ;Y is loaded with
                                            ;value 0H130.

                    .area   CODE2   (REL)   ;program area CODE2
                                            ;is RELOCATABLE

                    . = . + 0H20            ;Set location counter
                                            ;to relocatable 0H20 of
                                            ;the program section.

            num3:   .word   0               ;The label num3 has
                                            ;the value
                                            ;of relocatable 0H20.

                    . = . + 0H40            ;will reserve 0H40
                                            ;bytes of storage as will
                    .blkb   0H40            ;or
                    .blkw   0H20

               The  .blkb  and .blkw directives are the preferred methods of
            allocating space.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-14
            SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

            1.3.5  Numbers

               ASxxxx  assumes that all numbers in the source program are to
            be interpreted in decimal radix unless otherwise specified.  The
            .radix  directive  may  be used to specify the default as octal,
            decimal, or hexidecimal.  Individual numbers can  be  designated
            as  binary, octal, decimal, or hexidecimal through the temporary
            radix prefixes shown in table 6.

               Negative  numbers  must be preceeded by a minus sign;  ASxxxx
            translates such numbers into two's  complement  form.   Positive
            numbers may (but need not) be preceeded by a plus sign.

               Numbers are always considered to be absolute values, therefor
            they are never relocatable.

            1.3.6  Terms

               A  term is a component of an expression and may be one of the
            following:

                 1.  A number.

                 2.  A symbol:
                     1.  A  period (.) specified in an expression causes the
                         current location counter to be used.
                     2.  A User-defined symbol.
                     3.  An undefined symbol is assigned a value of zero and
                         inserted in the User-Defined symbol table as an un-
                         defined symbol.

                 3.  A single quote followed by a single ascii character, or
                     a double quote followed by two ascii characters.

                 4.  An  expression enclosed in parenthesis.  Any expression
                     so enclosed is evaluated and reduced to a  single  term
                     before  the remainder of the expression in which it ap-
                     pears is evaluated.  Parenthesis, for example,  may  be
                     used  to  alter the left-to-right evaluation of expres-
                     sions, (as in A*B+C versus A*(B+C)), or to apply a  un-
                     ary operator to an entire expression (as in -(A+B)).

                 5.  A unary operator followed by a symbol or number.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-15
            SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

            1.3.7  Expressions

               Expressions  are  combinations  of  terms  joined together by
            binary operators.  Expressions reduce to a  16-bit  value.   The
            evaluation  of  an  expression includes the determination of its
            attributes.  A resultant expression value may be  one  of  three
            types  (as  described  later in this section):  relocatable, ab-
            solute, and external.

            Expressions are evaluate with an operand hierarchy as follows:

                    *       /       %       multiplication,
                                            division, and
                                            modulus first.

                    +       -               addition and
                                            subtraction second.

                    <<      >>              left shift and
                                            right shift third.

                    ^                       exclusive or fourth.

                    &                       logical and fifth.

                    |                       logical or last

                    except that unary operators take precedence over binary
                    operators.

               A  missing  or  illegal  operator  terminates  the expression
            analysis, causing error codes (o) and/or  (q)  to  be  generated
            depending upon the context of the expression itself.

               At assembly time the value of an external (global) expression
            is equal to the value of the absolute part of  that  expression.
            For  example,  the expression external+4, where 'external' is an
            external symbol, has the value of 4.  This expression,  however,
            when  evaluated  at link time takes on the resolved value of the
            symbol 'external', plus 4.

               Expressions,  when  evaluated  by  ASxxxx,  are  one of three
            types:  relocatable, absolute, or external.  The following  dis-
            tinctions are important:

                 1.  An  expression is relocatable if its value is fixed re-
                     lative to the base address of the program area in which
                     it appears;  it will have an offset value added at link
                     time.  Terms that contain labels defined in relocatable
                     program   areas   will   have   a   relocatable  value;

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-16
            SYMBOLS AND EXPRESSIONS

                     similarly, a period (.) in a relocatable program  area,
                     representing  the value of the current program location
                     counter, will also have a relocatable value.

                 2.  An  expression  is  absolute if its value is fixed.  An
                     expression whose terms are numbers and ascii characters
                     will  reduce  to  an absolute value.  A relocatable ex-
                     pression or term minus a relocatable term,  where  both
                     elements  being  evaluated  belong  to the same program
                     area, is an absolute expression.  This is because every
                     term  in  a  program area has the same relocation bias.
                     When one term is subtracted from the other the  reloca-
                     tion bias is zero.

                 3.  An  expression is external (or global) if it contains a
                     single global reference (plus or minus an absolute  ex-
                     pression  value) that is not defined within the current
                     program.  Thus, an external  expression  is  only  par-
                     tially  defined following assembly and must be resolved
                     at link time.

            1.4  GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

               An  ASxxxx  directive  is placed in the operator field of the
            source line.  Only one directive is  allowed  per  source  line.
            Each  directive  may  have  a blank operand field or one or more
            operands.  Legal operands differ with each directive.

            1.4.1  .module Directive

            Format:

                    .module string

               The .module directive causes the string to be included in the
            assemblers output file as an identifier for this particular  ob-
            ject  module.   The  string  may  be  from 1 to 79 characters in
            length.  Only one identifier is allowed  per  assembled  module.
            The  main use of this directive is to allow the linker to report
            a modules' use of undefined symbols.  At link time all undefined
            symbols  are  reported  and  the  modules  referencing  them are
            listed.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-17
            GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

            1.4.2  .title Directive

            Format:

                    .title  string

               The .title directive provides a character string to be placed
            on the second line of each page during listing.

            1.4.3  .sbttl Directive

            Format:

                    .sbttl  string

               The .sbttl directive provides a character string to be placed
            on the third line of each page during listing.

            1.4.4  .page Directive

            Format:

                    .page

               The .page directive causes a page ejection with a new heading
            to be printed.  The new page occurs after the next line  of  the
            source  program is processed, this allows an immediately follow-
            ing .sbttl directive to appear  on  the  new  page.   The  .page
            source  line will not appear in the file listing.  Paging may be
            disabled by invoking the -p directive.

            1.4.5  .byte and .db Directives

            Format:

                    .byte   exp             ;Stores the binary value
                    .db     exp             ;of the expression in the
                                            ;next byte.

                    .byte   exp1,exp2,expn  ;Stores the binary values
                    .db     exp1,exp2,expn  ;of the list of expressions
                                            ;in successive bytes.

            where:  exp,    represent expressions that will be
                    exp1,   truncated to 8-bits of data.
                    .       Each expression will be calculated
                    .       as a 16-bit word expression,
                    .       the high-order byte will be truncated.
                    .       Multiple expressions must be

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-18
            GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

                    expn    separated by commas.

               The  .byte  or .db directives are used to generate successive
            bytes of binary data in the object module.

            1.4.6  .word and .dw Directives

            Format:

                    .word   exp             ;Stores the binary value
                    .dw     exp             ;of the expression in
                                            ;the next word.

                    .word   exp1,exp2,expn  ;Stores the binary values
                    .dw     exp1,exp2,expn  ;of the list of expressions
                                            ;in successive words.

            where:  exp,    represent expressions that will occupy two
                    exp1,   bytes of data. Each expression will be
                    .       calculated as a 16-bit word expression.
                    .       Multiple expressions must be
                    expn    separated by commas.

               The  .word  or .dw directives are used to generate successive
            words of binary data in the object module.

            1.4.7  .blkb, .blkw, and .ds Directives

            Format:

                    .blkb   N       ;reserve N bytes of space
                    .blkw   N       ;reserve N words of space
                    .ds     N       ;reserve N bytes of space

               The  .blkb  and .ds directives reserve byte blocks in the ob-
            ject module;  the .blkw directive reserves word blocks.

            1.4.8  .ascii Directive

            Format:

                    .ascii  /string/

            where:  string  is a string of printable ascii characters.

                    /  /    represent   the  delimiting  characters.   These
                            delimiters   may   be   any   paired    printing
                            characters,  as  long  as the characters are not
                            contained within  the  string  itself.   If  the

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-19
            GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

                            delimiting  characters  do not match, the .ascii
                            directive will give the (q) error.

            The  .ascii  directive  places  one binary byte of data for each
            character in the string into the object module.

            1.4.9  .ascis Directive

            Format:

                    .ascis  /string/

            where:  string  is a string of printable ascii characters.

                    /  /    represent   the  delimiting  characters.   These
                            delimiters   may   be   any   paired    printing
                            characters,  as  long  as the characters are not
                            contained within  the  string  itself.   If  the
                            delimiting  characters  do not match, the .ascis
                            directive will give the (q) error.

            The  .ascis  directive  places  one binary byte of data for each
            character in the  string  into  the  object  module.   The  last
            character in the string will have the high order bit set.

            1.4.10  .asciz Directive

            Format:

                    .asciz  /string/

            where:  string  is a string of printable ascii characters.

                    /  /    represent   the  delimiting  characters.   These
                            delimiters   may   be   any   paired    printing
                            characters,  as  long  as the characters are not
                            contained within  the  string  itself.   If  the
                            delimiting  characters  do not match, the .asciz
                            directive will give the (q) error.

            The  .asciz  directive  places  one binary byte of data for each
            character in the string into the object module.   Following  all
            the  character  data  a  zero  byte is inserted to terminate the
            character string.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-20
            GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

            1.4.11  .radix Directive

            Format:

                    .radix  character

            where:  character  represents  a single character specifying the
                            default radix to be used for succeeding numbers.
                            The character may be any one of the following:

                            B,b     Binary

                            O,o     Octal
                            Q,q

                            D,d     Decimal
                            'blank'

                            H,h     Hexidecimal
                            X,x

            1.4.12  .even Directive

            Format:

                    .even

               The .even directive ensures that the current location counter
            contains an even boundary value by adding 1 if the current loca-
            tion is odd.

            1.4.13  .odd Directive

            Format:

                    .odd

               The  .odd directive ensures that the current location counter
            contains an odd boundary value by adding one if the current  lo-
            cation is even.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-21
            GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

            1.4.14  .area Directive

            Format:

                    .area   name    [(options)]

            where:  name    represents the symbolic name of the program sec-
                            tion.   This  name  may  be  the  same  as   any
                            user-defined  symbol  as  the area names are in-
                            dependent of all symbols and labels.

                    options specify the type of program or data area:
                            ABS     absolute
                            REL     relocatable
                            OVR     overlay
                            CON     concatenate
                            PAG     paged area

               The .area directive provides a means of defining and separat-
            ing multiple programming and data sections.   The  name  is  the
            area  label used by the assembler and the linker to collect code
            from various separately assembled modules into one section.  The
            name may be from 1 to 79 characters in length.

               The options are specified within parenthesis and separated by
            commas as shown in the following example:

                    .area  TEST  (REL,CON)  ;This section is relocatable
                                            ;and concatenated with other
                                            ;sections of this program area.

                    .area  DATA  (REL,OVR)  ;This section is relocatable
                                            ;and overlays other sections
                                            ;of this program area.

                    .area  SYS   (ABS,OVR)  ;This section is defined as
                                            ;absolute and overlays other
                                            ;sections of this program area.

                    .area  PAGE  (PAG)      ;This is a paged section. The
                                            ;section must be on a 256 byte
                                            ;boundary and its length is
                                            ;checked by the linker to be
                                            ;no larger than 256 bytes.
                                            ;This is useful for direct page
                                            ;areas.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-22
            GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

               The  default  area type is REL|CON;  i.e.  a relocatable sec-
            tion which is concatenated with other sections of code with  the
            same area name.  The ABS option indicates an absolute area.  The
            OVR and CON options indicate if program  sections  of  the  same
            name  will overlay each other (start at the same location) or be
            concatenated with each other (appended to each other).

               Warning: ABS used to automatically invoke OVR and CON was not
            allowed  with ABS.  This  behaviour  has been changed.  Absolute
            sections  need an explicit  OVR flag to be overlayed  with other
            sections of this program area.  Overlapping  absolute areas will
            generate a warning unless OVR is specified.

               Multiple  invocations  of  the  .area directive with the same
            name must specify the same options or leave  the  options  field
            blank,  this  defaults  to  the previously specified options for
            this program area.

            The   ASxxxx   assemblers   automatically  provide  two  program
            sections:

                    '.  .ABS.'      This dummy section contains all absolute
                                    symbols and their values.

                    '_CODE'         This  is  the default program/data area.
                                    This program area is of type (REL,CON).

            The  ASxxxx  assemblers  also automatically generate two symbols
            for each program area:

                    's_<area>'      This is the starting address of the pro-
                                    gram area.

                                    indent  -16  'l_<area>'      This is the
                                    length of the program area.

            The .area names and options are never case sensitive.

            1.4.15  .org Directive

            Format:

                    .org    exp

            where:  exp     is  an absolute expression that becomes the cur-
                            rent location counter.

            The  .org directive is valid only in an absolute program section
            and will give a (q) error if used in a relocatable program area.
            The  .org  directive specifies that the current location counter
            is to become the specified absolute value.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-23
            GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

            1.4.16  .globl Directive

            Format:

                    .globl  sym1,sym2,...,symn

            where:  sym1,           represent legal symbolic names. When
                    sym2,...        When multiple symbols are specified,
                    symn            they are separated by commas.

               A  .globl directive may also have a label field and/or a com-
            ment field.

               The  .globl directive is provided to define (and thus provide
            linkage to) symbols not  otherwise  defined  as  global  symbols
            within  a  module.   In  defining  global  symbols the directive
            .globl J is similar to:

                  J == expression or J::

               Because  object  modules  are linked by global symbols, these
            symbols are vital to a program.  All internal symbols  appearing
            within  a  given program must be defined at the end of pass 1 or
            they will be considered undefined.  The assembly directive  (-g)
            can  be  be  invoked to make all undefined symbols global at the
            end of pass 1.

            1.4.17  .if, .else, and .endif Directives

            Format:

                    .if     expr
                    .                       ;}
                    .                       ;} range of true condition
                    .                       ;}
                    .else
                    .                       ;}
                    .                       ;} range of false condition
                    .                       ;}
                    .endif

               The  conditional  assembly directives allow you to include or
            exclude blocks of source code during the assembly process, based
            on the evaluation of the condition test.

               The  range of true condition will be processed if the expres-
            sion 'expr' is not zero (i.e.  true) and the range of false con-
            dition  will  be processed if the expression 'expr' is zero (i.e
            false).  The range of true condition is optional as is the .else
            directive  and  the range of false condition.  The following are
            all valid .if/.else/.endif constructions:

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-24
            GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

                    .if     A-4             ;evaluate A-4
                    .byte   1,2             ;insert bytes if A-4 is
                    .endif                  ;not zero

                    .if     K+3             ;evaluate K+3
                    .else
                    .byte   3,4             ;insert bytes if K+3
                    .endif                  ;is zero

                    .if     J&3             ;evaluate J masked by 3
                    .byte   12              ;insert this byte if J&3
                    .else                   ;is not zero
                    .byte   13              ;insert this byte if J&3
                    .endif                  ;is zero

            The .if/.else/.endif directives may be nested upto 10 levels.

               The  .page  directive  is  processed within a false condition
            range to allow extended textual information to  be  incorporated
            in  the  source  program  with  out  the need to use the comment
            delimiter (;):

                    .if     0

                    .page
                    This text will be bypassed during assembly
                    but appear in the listing file.
                    .
                    .
                    .

                    .endif

            1.4.18  .include Directive

            Format:

                    .include        string

            where:  string  represents  a  delimited string that is the file
                            specification of an ASxxxx source file.

               The .include directive is used to insert a source file within
            the source file currently being assembled.  When this  directive
            is encountered, an implicit .page directive is issued.  When the
            end of the specified source file is reached, an  implicit  .page
            directive is issued and input continues from the previous source
            file.  The maximum nesting level of source files specified by  a
            .include directive is five.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-25
            GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

               The  total  number  of separately specified .include files is
            unlimited as each .include file is opened and then closed during
            each pass made by the assembler.

            1.4.19  .setdp Directive

            Format:

                    .setdp [base [,area]]

            The  set  direct  page  directive has a common format in all the
            AS68xx assemblers.  The .setdp directive is used to  inform  the
            assembler  of  the current direct page region and the offset ad-
            dress within the selected area.  The normal  invocation  methods
            are:

                    .area   DIRECT  (PAG)
                    .setdp

                    or

                    .setdp  0,DIRECT

            for  all  the  68xx microprocessors (the 6804 has only the paged
            ram area).  The commands specify that the direct page is in area
            DIRECT and its offset address is 0 (the only valid value for all
            but the 6809 microprocessor).  Be sure to place the DIRECT  area
            at address 0 during linking.  When the base address and area are
            not specified, then zero and the current area are the  defaults.
            If  a  .setdp directive is not issued the assembler defaults the
            direct page to the area "_CODE" at offset 0.

               The  assembler  verifies  that  any  local variable used in a
            direct variable reference is located in this area.  Local  vari-
            able  and  constant value direct access addresses are checked to
            be within the address range from 0 to 255.

               External direct references are assumed by the assembler to be
            in the correct area and have valid  offsets.   The  linker  will
            check all direct page relocations to verify that they are within
            the correct area.

               The  6809  microprocessor  allows the selection of the direct
            page to be on any 256 byte boundary by loading  the  appropriate
            value  into the dp register.  Typically one would like to select
            the page boundary at link time, one method follows:

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-26
            GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

                    .area   DIRECT  (PAG)   ; define the direct page
                    .setdp
                    .
                    .
                    .
                    .area   PROGRAM
                    .
                    ldd     #DIRECT         ; load the direct page register
                    tfr     a,dp            ; for access to the direct page

            At  link  time specify the base and global equates to locate the
            direct page:

                    -b DIRECT = 0x1000
                    -g DIRECT = 0x1000

            Both  the  area address and offset value must be specified (area
            and variable names are independent).   The  linker  will  verify
            that  the  relocated  direct page accesses are within the direct
            page.
            The  preceeding  sequence  could  be repeated for multiple paged
            areas, however an alternate method is to define a non-paged area
            and use the .setdp directive to specify the offset value:

                    .area   DIRECT          ; define non-paged area
                    .
                    .
                    .
                    .area   PROGRAM
                    .
                    .setdp  0,DIRECT        ; direct page area
                    ldd     #DIRECT         ; load the direct page register
                    tfr     a,dp            ; for access to the direct page
                    .
                    .
                    .setdp  0x100,DIRECT    ; direct page area
                    ldd     #DIRECT+0x100   ; load the direct page register
                    tfr     a,dp            ; for access to the direct page

            The  linker  will  verify that subsequent direct page references
            are in the specified area and offset address range.  It  is  the
            programmers responsibility to load the dp register with the cor-
            rect page segment  corresponding  to  the  .setdp  base  address
            specified.

               For  those  cases  where a single piece of code must access a
            defined data structure within a direct page and there  are  many
            pages,  define  a  dumby  direct page linked at address 0.  This
            dumby page is used only to define  the  variable  labels.   Then
            load  the dp register with the real base address but donot use a
            .setdp  directive.   This  method  is  equivalent   to   indexed

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-27
            GENERAL ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

            addressing,  where the dp register is the index register and the
            direct addressing is the offset.

            1.5  INVOKING ASXXXX

               The  ASxxxx assemblers are command line oriented.  The PC as-
            semblers are started with the appropriate option(s) and  file(s)
            to assemble following the assembler name:

            as-z80 [-dqxjgaloscpff] file1 [file2 file3 ...  file6]

            The options are:

                    d       decimal listing
                    q       octal   listing
                    x       hex     listing (default)

                            The listing radix affects the
                            .lst, .rel, and .sym files.

                    j       add line number and debug information to file
                    g       undefined symbols made global
                    a       all user symbols made global

                    l       create list   output file1.lst
                    o       create object output file1.rel
                    s       create symbol output file1.sym

                    c       generate sdcdb debug information

                    p       disable listing pagination

                            relocatable reference flagging:

                    f       by  `   in the listing file
                    ff      by mode in the listing file

            asx8051 specific command line option:
                    -I  Add the named directory to the include file
                            search path.  This option may be used more than once.
                            Directories are searched in the order given.

               The file name for the .lst, .rel, and .sym files is the first
            file name specified in the command line.  All output  files  are
            ascii  text  files which may be edited, copied, etc.  The output
            files are the concatenation of all the input files, if files are
            to  be  assembled  independently  invoke  the assembler for each
            file.

               The  .rel  file contains a radix directive so that the linker
            will use the proper conversion for this file.  Linked files  may
            have different radices.

            ASXXXX assembles supported by and distributed with SDCC are:
                    asx8051         (Intel 8051)
                    as-z80          (Zilog Z80 / Hitachi HD64180)
                    as-gbz80        (GameBoy Z80-like CPU)
                    as-hc08         (Motorola 68HC08)

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-28
            INVOKING ASXXXX

               If  the list (l) option is specified without the symbol table
            (s) option, the symbol table is placed at the end of the listing
            file.

            1.6  ERRORS

               The  ASxxxx assemblers provide limited diagnostic error codes
            during the assembly process, these errors will be noted  in  the
            listing file and printed on the stderr device.

               The assembler reports the errors on the stderr device as

                    ?ASxxxx-Error-<*> in line nnn of filename

            where  * is the error code, nnn is the line number, and filename
            is the source/include file.

               The errors are:

                  (.)   This  error  is caused by an absolute direct assign-
                        ment of the current location counter
                              . = expression (incorrect)
                        rather than the correct
                              . = . + expression

                  (a)   Indicates  a machine specific addressing or address-
                        ing mode error.

                  (b)   Indicates a direct page boundary error.

                  (d)   Indicates a direct page addressing error.

                  (i)   Caused  by  an  .include file error or an .if/.endif
                        mismatch.

                  (m)   Multiple  definitions  of  the  same label, multiple
                        .module directives, or multiple  conflicting  attri-
                        butes in an .area directive.

                  (o)   Directive  or  mnemonic error or the use of the .org
                        directive in a relocatable area.

                  (p)   Phase error:  label location changing between passes
                        2 and 3.  Normally caused by having  more  than  one
                        level of forward referencing.

                  (q)   Questionable syntax:  missing or improper operators,
                        terminators, or delimiters.

                  (r)   Relocation  error:   logic  operation attempted on a

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-29
            ERRORS

                        relocatable term, addition of two relocatable terms,
                        subtraction  of two relocatable terms not within the
                        same programming area or external symbols.

                  (u)   Undefined symbol encountered during assembly.

            1.7  LISTING FILE

               The  (-l) option produces an ascii output listing file.  Each
            page of output contains a four line header:

                 1.  The ASxxxx program name and page number

                 2.  Title from a .title directive (if any)

                 3.  Subtitle from a .sbttl directive (if any)

                 4.  Blank line

            Each succeeding line contains five fields:

                 1.  Error field (first three characters of line)

                 2.  Current location counter

                 3.  Generated code in byte format

                 4.  Source text line number

                 5.  Source text

               The error field may contain upto 2 error flags indicating any
            errors encountered while assembling this line of source code.

               The  current  location counter field displays the 16-bit pro-
            gram position.  This field will be in the selected radix.

               The generated code follows the program location.  The listing
            radix determines the number of bytes that will be  displayed  in
            this field.  Hexidecimal listing allows six bytes of data within
            the field, decimal and octal allow four bytes within the  field.
            If more than one field of data is generated from the assembly of
            a single line of source code, then the data field is repeated on
            successive lines.

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-30
            LISTING FILE

               The source text line number is printed in decimal and is fol-
            lowed by the source text.

               Two  special  cases  will  disable  the  listing of a line of
            source text:

                 1.  Source line with a .page directive is never listed.

                 2.  Source  line  with  a  .include  file  directive is not
                     listed unless the .include file cannot be opened.

               Two  data  field  options  are  available to flag those bytes
            which will be relocated by the linker.   If  the  -f  option  is
            specified  then  each  byte to be relocated will be preceeded by
            the '`' character.  If the -ff option  is  specified  then  each
            byte  to  be relocated will be preceeded by one of the following
            characters:

                 1.  *   paged relocation

                 2.  u   low  byte of unsigned word or unsigned byte

                 3.  v   high byte of unsigned word

                 4.  p   PCR low  byte of word relocation or PCR byte

                 5.  q   PCR high byte of word relocation

                 6.  r   low  byte relocation or byte relocation

                 7.  s   high byte relocation

            1.8  SYMBOL TABLE FILE

               The symbol table has two parts:

                 1.  The alphabetically sorted list of symbols and/or labels
                     defined or referenced in the source program.

                 2.  A  list of the program areas defined during assembly of
                     the source program.

               The sorted list of symbols and/or labels contains the follow-
            ing information:

                 1.  Program  area  number (none if absolute value or exter-
                     nal)

            THE ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE 1-31
            SYMBOL TABLE FILE

                 2.  The symbol or label

                 3.  Directly assigned symbol is denoted with an (=) sign

                 4.  The  value of a symbol, location of a label relative to
                     the program area base address (=0), or a ****  indicat-
                     ing the symbol or label is undefined.

                 5.  The  characters:   G - global, R - relocatable, and X -
                     external.

               The list of program areas provides the correspondence between
            the program area numbers and the defined program areas, the size
            of the program areas, and the area flags (attributes).

            1.9  OBJECT FILE

               The  object  file is an ascii file containing the information
            needed by the linker to bind multiple object modules into a com-
            plete  loadable  memory  image.   The object module contains the
            following designators:

                    [XDQ][HL]
                            X       Hexidecimal radix
                            D       Decimal radix
                            Q       Octal radix

                            H       Most significant byte first
                            L       Least significant byte first

                    H       Header
                    M       Module
                    A       Area
                    S       Symbol
                    T       Object code
                    R       Relocation information
                    P       Paging information

               Refer to the linker for a detailed description of each of the
            designators and the format of the information contained  in  the
            object file.

                                        CHAPTER 2

                                       THE LINKER

            2.1  ASLINK RELOCATING LINKER

               ASLINK is the companion linker for the ASxxxx assemblers.

               The  program ASLINK is a general relocating linker performing
            the following functions:

                 1.  Bind multiple object modules into a single memory image

                 2.  Resolve inter-module symbol references

                 3.  Combine  code  belonging to the same area from multiple
                     object files into a single contiguous memory region

                 4.  Search and import object module libraries for undefined
                     global variables

                 5.  Perform   byte   and   word  program  counter  relative
                     (pc or pcr) addressing calculations

                 6.  Define absolute symbol values at link time

                 7.  Define absolute area base address values at link time

                 8.  Produce Intel Hex or Motorola S19 output file

                 9.  Produce a map of the linked memory image

                10.  Produce  an updated listing file with the relocated ad-
                     dresses and data

            THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-2
            INVOKING ASLINK

            2.2  INVOKING ASLINK

               The  linker  may run in the command line mode or command file
            modes.  The allowed startup linker commands are:

            -c/-f           command line / command file modes

            -p/-n           enable/disable echo file.lnk input to stdout

               If  command  line  mode is selected, all linker commands come
            from stdin, if the command file mode is  selected  the  commands
            are input from the specified file (extension must be .lnk).

               Most  sytems require the initial options to be entered on the
               command line:

                    ASLINK -[cfpn]

               Some  systems  may  request the arguments after the linker is
               started at a system specific prompt:

                    ASLINK
                    argv:  -[cfpn]

            After invoking the linker the valid options are:

                 1.  -i/-s   Intel Hex (file.ihx) or Motorola S19 (file.s19)
                     image output file.

                 2.  -m      Generate a map file (file.map).  This file con-
                     tains a list of the symbols (by area) with absolute ad-
                     dresses,  sizes  of  linked  areas,  and  other linking
                     information.

                 3.  -xdq    Specifies  the  number  radix  for the map file
                     (Hexidecimal, Decimal, or Octal).

                 4.  -u      Generate  an  updated  listing  file (file.rst)
                     derived from the relocated addresses and data from  the
                     linker

                 5.  fileN   Files  to  be linked.  Files may be on the same
                     line as the above options or on a separate line(s)  one
                     file  per line or multiple files separated by spaces or
                     tabs.

                 6.  -b  area = expression (one definition per line)
                     This  specifies  an area base address where the expres-
                     sion may contain constants and/or defined symbols  from
                     the linked files.

                 7.  -g  symbol = expression (one definition per line)
                     This  specifies  the value for the symbol where the ex-
                     pression may contain constants and/or  defined  symbols
                     from the linked files.

                 8.  -k  library directory path
                     (one  definition  per line) This specifies one possible

            THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-3
            INVOKING ASLINK

                     path to an object library.  More than one path  is  al-
                     lowed.

                 9.  -l  library file specification
                     (one  definition  per  line)  This specifies a possible
                     library file.  More than one file is allowed.

                10.  -e      or null line, terminates input to the linker.

            ASLINK linkers supported by and distributed with SDCC are:
                    aslink          (Intel 8051)
                    link-z90        (Zilog Z80 / Hitachi HD64180)
                    link-gbz80      (GameBoy Z80-like CPU)
                    link-hc08       (Motorola 68HC08)

            aslink (Intel 8051) specific options:

            Output:
              -j   Produce NoICE debug as file[NOI]
              -z   Produce SDCdb debug as file[cdb]
              -u   Update listing file(s) with link data as file(s)[.RST]
            Miscellaneous:
              -a   [iram-size] Check for internal RAM overflow
              -v   [xram-size] Check for external RAM overflow
              -w   [code-size] Check for code overflow
              -y   Generate memory usage summary file[mem]
              -Y   Pack internal ram
              -A   [stack-size] Allocate space for stack

            link-z80 (Zilog Z80 / Hitachi HD64180) specific options:

            Map format:
              -j   no$gmb symbol file generated as file[SYM]
            Output:
              -z   Produce SDCdb debug as file[cdb]
              -Z   Gameboy image as file[GB]
            List:
              -u   Update listing file(s) with link data as file(s)[.RST]

            link-gbz80 (GameBoy Z80-like CPU) specific options:

            Relocation:
              -yo  Number of rom banks (default: 2)
              -ya  Number of ram banks (default: 0)
              -yt  MBC type (default: no MBC)
              -yn  Name of program (default: name of output file)
              -yp# Patch one byte in the output GB file (# is: addr=byte)
            Map format:
              -j   no$gmb symbol file generated as file[SYM]
            Output:
              -Z   Gameboy image as file[GB]
            List:
              -u   Update listing file(s) with link data as file(s)[.RST]

            link-hc08 (Motorola 68HC08) specific options:
            Output:
              -t   ELF executable as file[elf]
              -j    Produce NoICE debug as file[NOI]
              -z   Produce SDCdb debug as file[cdb]
              -u    Update listing file(s) with link data as file(s)[.RST]
            Miscellaneous:
              -a    [iram-size] Check for internal RAM overflow
              -v    [xram-size] Check for external RAM overflow
              -w    [code-size] Check for code overflow

            2.3  LIBRARY PATH(S) AND FILE(S)

               The process of resolving undefined symbols after scanning the
            input object  files  includes  the  scanning  of  object  module
            libraries.   The  linker will search through all combinations of
            the library path specifications (input by the -k option) and the
            library  file  specifications (input by the -l option) that lead
            to an existing library file.  Each library file contains a  list
            (one  file  per  line)  of  modules  included in this particular
            library.  Each existing object module is scanned for a match  to
            the undefined symbol.  The first module containing the symbol is
            then linked with the previous modules to resolve the symbol  de-
            finition.   The  library  object  modules are rescanned until no
            more symbols can be resolved.   The  scanning  algorithm  allows
            resolution  of  back references.  No errors are reported for non
            existant library files or object modules.

               The  library  file  specification may be formed in one of two
            ways:

                 1.  If  the  library  file  contained an absolute path/file
                     specification  then  this  is   the   object   module's
                     path/file.
                     (i.e.  C:\...)

                 2.  If  the  library  file  contains  a  relative path/file
                     specification then the concatenation of  the  path  and

            THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-4
            LIBRARY PATH(S) AND FILE(S)

                     this  file  specification  becomes  the object module's
                     path/file.
                     (i.e.  \...)

               As  an example, assume there exists a library file termio.lib
            in the syslib directory specifying the following object modules:

            \6809\io_disk        first object module
            d:\special\io_comm   second object module

            and the following parameters were specified to the linker:

            -k c:\iosystem\    the first path
            -k c:\syslib\      the second path

            -l termio          the first library file
            -l io              the second library file (no such file)

            The  linker  will attempt to use the following object modules to
            resolve any undefined symbols:

            c:\syslib\6809\io_disk.rel     (concatenated path/file)
            d:\special\io_comm.rel         (absolute path/file)

            all  other path(s)/file(s) don't exist.  (No errors are reported
            for non existant path(s)/file(s).)

            2.4  ASLINK PROCESSING

               The  linker  processes  the  files  in  the  order  they  are
            presented.  The first pass through the input files  is  used  to
            define  all  program  areas, the section area sizes, and symbols
            defined or referenced.  Undefined symbols will initiate a search
            of any specified library file(s) and the importing of the module
            containing the symbol definition.  After the first pass  the  -b
            (area  base  address) definitions, if any, are processed and the
            areas linked.

               The  area  linking proceeds by first examining the area types
            ABS, CON, REL, OVR and PAG.  Absolute areas (ABS) from  separate
            object modules are always overlayed and have been assembled at a
            specific address, these are not normally relocated (if a -b com-
            mand  is  used  on an absolute area the area will be relocated).
            Relative areas (normally defined as REL|CON) have a base address
            of  0x0000  as read from the object files, the -b command speci-
            fies the beginning address of the area.  All subsequent relative
            areas  will  be  concatenated  with  proceeding  relative areas.
            Where specific ordering is desired, the first linker input  file
            should  have  the area definitions in the desired order.  At the

            THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-5
            ASLINK PROCESSING

            completion of the area linking all area  addresses  and  lengths
            have  been determined.  The areas of type PAG are verified to be
            on a 256 byte boundary and that the length does not  exceed  256
            bytes.  Any errors are noted on stderr and in the map file.

               Next  the  global symbol definitions (-g option), if any, are
            processed.  The symbol definitions have been delayed until  this
            point because the absolute addresses of all internal symbols are
            known and can be used in the expression calculations.

               Before  continuing  with the linking process the symbol table
            is scanned to determine if any symbols have been referenced  but
            not defined.  Undefined symbols are listed on the stderr device.
            if a .module directive was included in the  assembled  file  the
            module  making  the reference to this undefined variable will be
            printed.

               Constants  defined  as global in more than one module will be
            flagged as multiple definitions if their values are not  identi-
            cal.

               After  the  preceeding  processes are complete the linker may
            output a map file (-m option).  This file provides the following
            information:

                 1.  Global symbol values and label absolute addresses

                 2.  Defined areas and there lengths

                 3.  Remaining undefined symbols

                 4.  List of modules linked

                 5.  List of library modules linked

                 6.  List of -b and -g definitions

               The final step of the linking process is performed during the
            second pass of the input files.  As the xxx.rel files  are  read
            the code is relocated by substituting the physical addresses for
            the referenced symbols and areas and may be output in  Intel  or
            Motorola  formats.   The  number of files linked and symbols de-
            fined/referenced is limited by the processor space available  to
            build the area/symbol lists.  If the -u option is specified then
            the listing files  (file.lst)  associated  with  the  relocation
            files  (file.rel)  are  scanned  and  used  to create a new file
            (file.rst) which has all addresses and data relocated  to  their
            final values.

            THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-6
            LINKER INPUT FORMAT

            2.5  LINKER INPUT FORMAT

               The  linkers'  input  object file is an ascii file containing
            the information needed by the linker  to  bind  multiple  object
            modules into a complete loadable memory image.

            The object module contains the following designators:

                    [XDQ][HL]
                            X       Hexidecimal radix
                            D       Decimal radix
                            Q       Octal radix

                            H       Most significant byte first
                            L       Least significant byte first

                    H       Header
                    M       Module
                    A       Area
                    S       Symbol
                    T       Object code
                    R       Relocation information
                    P       Paging information

            2.5.1  Object Module Format

               The  first  line  of  an object module contains the [XDQ][HL]
            format specifier (i.e.  XH indicates  a  hexidecimal  file  with
            most significant byte first) for the following designators.

            2.5.2  Header Line

                    H aa areas gg global symbols

               The  header  line  specifies  the number of areas(aa) and the
            number of global symbols(gg) defined or referenced in  this  ob-
            ject module segment.

            THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-7
            LINKER INPUT FORMAT

            2.5.3  Module Line

                    M name

               The  module  line  specifies  the module name from which this
            header segment was assembled.  The module line will  not  appear
            if the .module directive was not used in the source program.

            2.5.4  Symbol Line

                    S string Defnnnn

                            or

                    S string Refnnnn

               The  symbol line defines (Def) or references (Ref) the symbol
            'string' with the value nnnn.  The defined value is relative  to
            the  current area base address.  References to constants and ex-
            ternal global symbols will always appear before the  first  area
            definition.  References to external symbols will have a value of
            zero.

            2.5.5  Area Line

                    A label size ss flags ff

               The  area  line  defines the area label, the size (ss) of the
            area in bytes, and the area flags (ff).  The area flags  specify
            the ABS, REL, CON, OVR, and PAG parameters:

                    OVR/CON  (0x04/0x00 i.e.  bit position 2)

                    ABS/REL  (0x08/0x00 i.e.  bit position 3)

                    PAG      (0x10 i.e.  bit position 4)

            2.5.6  T Line

                    T xx xx nn nn nn nn nn ...

               The  T  line contains the assembled code output by the assem-
            bler with xx xx being the offset address from the  current  area
            base address and nn being the assembled instructions and data in
            byte format.

            THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-8
            LINKER INPUT FORMAT

            2.5.7  R Line

                    R 0 0 nn nn n1 n2 xx xx ...

               The R line provides the relocation information to the linker.
            The nn nn value is the current area index, i.e.  which area  the
            current  values  were  assembled.  Relocation information is en-
            coded in groups of 4 bytes:

                 1.  n1  is  the  relocation mode and object format, for the
                     adhoc extension modes refer to asxxxx.h or aslink.h
                     1.  bit 0  word(0x00)/byte(0x01)
                     2.  bit 1  relocatable area(0x00)/symbol(0x02)
                     3.  bit 2  normal(0x00)/PC relative(0x04) relocation
                     4.  bit 3  1-byte(0x00)/2-byte(0x08)  object format for
                         byte data
                     5.  bit 4  signed(0x00)/unsigned(0x10) byte data
                     6.  bit 5  normal(0x00)/page '0'(0x20) reference
                     7.  bit 6  normal(0x00)/page 'nnn'(0x40) reference
                     8.  bit 7  LSB  byte(0x00)/MSB  byte(0x80)  with 2-byte
                         mode

                 2.  n2  is  a byte index into the corresponding (i.e.  pre-
                     ceeding) T line data (i.e.  a pointer to the data to be
                     updated  by  the  relocation).   The T line data may be
                     1-byte or  2-byte  byte  data  format  or  2-byte  word
                     format.

                 3.  xx xx  is the area/symbol index for the area/symbol be-
                     ing referenced.  the corresponding area/symbol is found
                     in the header area/symbol lists.

            The groups of 4 bytes are repeated for each item requiring relo-
            cation in the preceeding T line.

            2.5.8  P Line

                    P 0 0 nn nn n1 n2 xx xx

               The  P  line provides the paging information to the linker as
            specified by a .setdp directive.  The format of  the  relocation
            information is identical to that of the R line.  The correspond-
            ing T line has the following information:
                    T xx xx aa aa bb bb

               Where  aa aa is the area reference number which specifies the
            selected page area and bb bb is the base address  of  the  page.
            bb bb will require relocation processing if the 'n1 n2 xx xx' is
            specified in the P line.  The linker will verify that  the  base

            THE LINKER                                              PAGE 2-9
            LINKER INPUT FORMAT

            address is on a 256 byte boundary and that the page length of an
            area defined with the PAG type is not larger than 256 bytes.

               The  linker  defaults any direct page references to the first
            area defined in the input REL file.  All ASxxxx assemblers  will
            specify the _CODE area first, making this the default page area.

            2.6  LINKER ERROR MESSAGES

               The linker provides detailed error messages allowing the pro-
            grammer to quickly find the errant code.   As  the  linker  com-
            pletes  pass 1  over  the  input  file(s)  it  reports  any page
            boundary or page length errors as follows:

            ?ASlink-Warning-Paged Area PAGE0 Boundary Error

            and/or

            ?ASlink-Warning-Paged Area PAGE0 Length Error

            where PAGE0 is the paged area.

               During  Pass  two the linker reads the T, R, and P lines per-
            forming the necessary relocations and  outputting  the  absolute
            code.  Various errors may be reported during this process
            The P line processing can produce only one possible error:

            ?ASlink-Warning-Page Definition Boundary Error
                     file        module      pgarea      pgoffset
              PgDef  t6809l      t6809l      PAGE0       0001

            The error message specifies the file and module where the .setdp
            direct was issued and indicates  the  page  area  and  the  page
            offset value determined after relocation.

            The R line processing produces various errors:

            ?ASlink-Warning-Byte PCR relocation error for symbol  bra2
                     file        module      area        offset
              Refby  t6809l      t6809l      TEST        00FE
              Defin  tconst      tconst      .  .ABS.    0080

            ?ASlink-Warning-Unsigned Byte error for symbol  two56
                     file        module      area        offset
              Refby  t6800l      t6800l      DIRECT      0015
              Defin  tconst      tconst      .  .ABS.    0100

            THE LINKER                                             PAGE 2-10
            LINKER ERROR MESSAGES

            ?ASlink-Warning-Page0 relocation error for symbol  ltwo56
                     file        module      area        offset
              Refby  t6800l      t6800l      DIRECT      000D
              Defin  tconst      tconst      DIRECT      0100

            ?ASlink-Warning-Page Mode relocation error for symbol  two56
                     file        module      area        offset
              Refby  t6809l      t6809l      DIRECT      0005
              Defin  tconst      tconst      .  .ABS.    0100

            ?ASlink-Warning-Page Mode relocation error
                     file        module      area        offset
              Refby  t           Pagetest    PROGRAM     0006
              Defin  t           Pagetest    DIRECT      0100

            These  error messages specify the file, module, area, and offset
            within the area of the code  referencing  (Refby)  and  defining
            (Defin) the symbol.  If the symbol is defined in the same module
            as the reference the linker is unable to report the symbol name.
            The  assembler  listing file(s) should be examined at the offset
            from the specified area to located the offending code.

               The errors are:

                 1.  The  byte PCR error is caused by exceeding the pc rela-
                     tive byte branch range.

                 2.  The Unsigned byte error indicates an indexing value was
                     negative or larger than 255.

                 3.  The  Page0  error is generated if the direct page vari-
                     able is not in the page0 range of 0 to 255.

                 4.  The page mode error is generated if the direct variable
                     is not within the current direct page (6809).

            THE LINKER                                             Page 2-11
            INTEL HEX OUTPUT FORMAT

            2.7  INTEL HEX OUTPUT FORMAT

            Record Mark Field    -  This  field  signifies  the  start  of a
                                    record, and consists of an  ascii  colon
                                    (:).

            Record Length Field  -  This   field   consists   of  two  ascii
                                    characters which indicate the number  of
                                    data   bytes   in   this   record.   The
                                    characters are the result of  converting
                                    the  number  of  bytes  in binary to two
                                    ascii characters, high digit first.   An
                                    End  of  File  record contains two ascii
                                    zeros in this field.

            Load Address Field   -  This  field  consists  of the four ascii
                                    characters which result from  converting
                                    the  the  binary value of the address in
                                    which to begin loading this record.  The
                                    order is as follows:

                                        High digit of high byte of address.
                                        Low digit of high byte of address.
                                        High digit of low byte of address.
                                        Low digit of low byte of address.

                                    In an End of File record this field con-
                                    sists of either four ascii zeros or  the
                                    program  entry  address.   Currently the
                                    entry address option is not supported.

            Record Type Field    -  This  field  identifies the record type,
                                    which is either 0 for data records or  1
                                    for  an End of File record.  It consists
                                    of two ascii characters, with  the  high
                                    digit of the record type first, followed
                                    by the low digit of the record type.

            Data Field           -  This  field consists of the actual data,
                                    converted to two ascii characters,  high
                                    digit first.  There are no data bytes in
                                    the End of File record.

            Checksum Field       -  The  checksum  field is the 8 bit binary
                                    sum of the record length field, the load
                                    address  field,  the  record type field,
                                    and the data field.  This  sum  is  then
                                    negated  (2's  complement) and converted
                                    to  two  ascii  characters,  high  digit
                                    first.

            THE LINKER                                             Page 2-12
            MOTOROLA S1-S9 OUTPUT FORMAT

            2.8  MOTORLA S1-S9 OUTPUT FORMAT

            Record Type Field    -  This  field  signifies  the  start  of a
                                    record and  identifies  the  the  record
                                    type as follows:

                                        Ascii S1 - Data Record
                                        Ascii S9 - End of File Record

            Record Length Field  -  This  field  specifies the record length
                                    which includes the  address,  data,  and
                                    checksum   fields.   The  8  bit  record
                                    length value is converted to  two  ascii
                                    characters, high digit first.

            Load Address Field   -  This  field  consists  of the four ascii
                                    characters which result from  converting
                                    the  the  binary value of the address in
                                    which to begin loading this record.  The
                                    order is as follows:

                                        High digit of high byte of address.
                                        Low digit of high byte of address.
                                        High digit of low byte of address.
                                        Low digit of low byte of address.

                                    In an End of File record this field con-
                                    sists of either four ascii zeros or  the
                                    program  entry  address.   Currently the
                                    entry address option is not supported.

            Data Field           -  This  field consists of the actual data,
                                    converted to two ascii characters,  high
                                    digit first.  There are no data bytes in
                                    the End of File record.

            Checksum Field       -  The  checksum  field is the 8 bit binary
                                    sum of the record length field, the load
                                    address field, and the data field.  This
                                    sum is then  complemented  (1's  comple-
                                    ment)   and   converted   to  two  ascii
                                    characters, high digit first.

                                        CHAPTER 3

                               BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK

               The assemblers and linker have been successfully compiled us-
            ing  the  DECUS C  (PDP-11)  compiler  (patch  level   9)   with
            RT-11/TSX+,  Eyring  Research  Institute,  Inc.   PDOS (680x0) C
            V5.4b compiler, and Symantec C/C++ V6.1/V7.2.

               The  device  specific  header  file  (i.e.  m6800.h, m6801.h,
            etc.) contains the DECUS C 'BUILD' directives for  generating  a
            command  file to compile, assemble, and link the necessary files
            to prepare an executable image for a particular assembler.

            3.1  BUILDING AN ASSEMBLER

               The  building  of  a typical assembler (6809 for example) re-
            quires the following files:

                 1.  M6809.H
                 2.  M09EXT.C
                 3.  M09MCH.C
                 4.  M09ADR.C
                 5.  M09PST.C
                 6.  ASXXXX.H
                 7.  ASMAIN.C
                 8.  ASLEX.C
                 9.  ASSYM.C
                10.  ASSUBR.C
                11.  ASEXPR.C
                12.  ASDATA.C
                13.  ASLIST.C
                14.  ASOUT.C

               The  first  five  files are the 6809 processor dependent sec-
            tions which contain the following:

            BUILDING ASXXXX AND ASLINK                              PAGE 3-2
            BUILDING AN ASSEMBLER

                 1.  m6809.h -  header  file containing the machine specific
                     definitions of constants,  variables,  structures,  and
                     types

                 2.  m09ext -  device  description, byte order, and file ex-
                     tension information

                 3.  m09pst -  a  table of the assembler general directives,
                     special device directives, and assembler mnemonics with
                     associated operation codes

                 4.  m09mch / m09adr -  machine specific code for processing
                     the device mnemonics,  addressing  modes,  and  special
                     directives

               The  remaining nine files provide the device independent sec-
            tions which handle the  details  of  file  input/output,  symbol
            table  generation,  program/data areas, expression analysis, and
            assembler directive processing.

            3.2  BUILDING ASLINK

               The building of the linker requires the following files:

                 1.  ASLINK.H
                 2.  LKMAIN.C
                 3.  LKLEX.C
                 4.  LKAREA.C
                 5.  LKHEAD.C
                 6.  LKSYM.C
                 7.  LKEVAL.C
                 8.  LKDATA.C
                 9.  LKLIST.C
                10.  LKRLOC.C
                11.  LKLIBR.C
                12.  LKS19.C
                13.  LKIHX.C

                                       APPENDIX A

                                    AS6800 ASSEMBLER

            A.1  6800 REGISTER SET

            The following is a list of the 6800 registers used by AS6800:

                    a,b     -       8-bit accumulators
                    x       -       index register

            A.2  6800 INSTRUCTION SET

               The following tables list all 6800/6802/6808 mnemonics recog-
            nized by the AS6800 assembler.  The designation [] refers  to  a
            required addressing mode argument.  The following list specifies
            the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6800:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    *dir            direct page addressing
                                    (see .setdp directive)
                                    0 <= dir <= 255

                    ,x              register indirect addressing
                                    zero offset

                    offset,x        register indirect addressing
                                    0 <= offset <= 255

                    ext             extended addressing

                    label           branch label

            The  terms  data, dir, offset, ext, and label may all be expres-
            sions.

            AS6800 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE A-2
            6800 INSTRUCTION SET

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to the 6800 technical data for valid modes.

            A.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                    aba                     cba
                    clc                     cli
                    clv                     daa
                    des                     dex
                    ins                     inx
                    nop                     rti
                    rts                     sba
                    sec                     sei
                    sev                     swi
                    tab                     tap
                    tba                     tpa
                    tsx                     txs
                    wai

                    psha                    pshb
                    psh a                   psh b
                    pula                    pulb
                    pul a                   pul b

            A.2.2  Branch Instructions

                    bra     label           bhi     label
                    bls     label           bcc     label
                    bhs     label           bcs     label
                    blo     label           bne     label
                    beq     label           bvc     label
                    bvs     label           bpl     label
                    bmi     label           bge     label
                    blt     label           bgt     label
                    ble     label           bsr     label

            AS6800 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE A-3
            6800 INSTRUCTION SET

            A.2.3  Single Operand Instructions

                    asla                    aslb
                    asl a                   asl b
                    asl     []

                    asra                    asrb
                    asr a                   asr b
                    asr     []

                    clra                    clrb
                    clr a                   clr b
                    clr     []

                    coma                    comb
                    com a                   com b
                    com     []

                    deca                    decb
                    dec a                   dec b
                    dec     []

                    inca                    incb
                    inc a                   inc b
                    inc     []

                    lsla                    lslb
                    lsl a                   lsl b
                    lsl     []

                    lsra                    lsrb
                    lsr a                   lsr b
                    lsr     []

                    nega                    negb
                    neg a                   neg b
                    neg     []

                    rola                    rolb
                    rol a                   rol b
                    rol     []

                    rora                    rorb
                    ror a                   ror b
                    ror     []

                    tsta                    tstb
                    tst a                   tst b
                    tst     []

            AS6800 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE A-4
            6800 INSTRUCTION SET

            A.2.4  Double Operand Instructions

                    adca    []              adcb    []
                    adc a   []              adc b   []

                    adda    []              addb    []
                    add a   []              add b   []

                    anda    []              andb    []
                    and a   []              and b   []

                    bita    []              bitb    []
                    bit a   []              bit b   []

                    cmpa    []              cmpb    []
                    cmp a   []              cmp b   []

                    eora    []              eorb    []
                    eor a   []              eor b   []

                    ldaa    []              ldab    []
                    lda a   []              lda b   []

                    oraa    []              orab    []
                    ora a   []              ora b   []

                    sbca    []              sbcb    []
                    sbc a   []              sbc b   []

                    staa    []              stab    []
                    sta a   []              sta b   []

                    suba    []              subb    []
                    sub a   []              sub b   []

            A.2.5  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                    jmp     []              jsr     []

            AS6800 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE A-5
            6800 INSTRUCTION SET

            A.2.6  Long Register Instructions

                    cpx     []
                    lds     []              sts     []
                    ldx     []              stx     []

                                       APPENDIX B

                                    AS6801 ASSEMBLER

            B.1  .hd6303 DIRECTIVE

            Format:

                    .hd6303

            The  .hd6303 directive enables processing of the HD6303 specific
            mnemonics not included in  the  6801  instruction  set.   HD6303
            mnemonics  encountered  without  the  .hd6303  directive will be
            flagged with an 'o' error.

            B.2  6801 REGISTER SET

            The following is a list of the 6801 registers used by AS6801:

                    a,b     -       8-bit accumulators
                    d       -       16-bit accumulator <a:b>
                    x       -       index register

            B.3  6801 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following tables list all 6801/6303 mnemonics recognized
            by the AS6801 assembler.  The designation []  refers  to  a  re-
            quired  addressing  mode argument.  The following list specifies
            the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6801:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    *dir            direct page addressing
                                    (see .setdp directive)
                                    0 <= dir <= 255

            AS6801 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE B-2
            6801 INSTRUCTION SET

                    ,x              register indirect addressing
                                    zero offset

                    offset,x        register indirect addressing
                                    0 <= offset <= 255

                    ext             extended addressing

                    label           branch label

            The  terms  data, dir, offset, ext, and label may all be expres-
            sions.

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to  the  6801/6303  technical  data  for  valid
            modes.

            B.3.1  Inherent Instructions

                    aba             abx
                    cba             clc
                    cli             clv
                    daa             des
                    dex             ins
                    inx             mul
                    nop             rti
                    rts             sba
                    sec             sei
                    sev             swi
                    tab             tap
                    tba             tpa
                    tsx             txs
                    wai

            B.3.2  Branch Instructions

                    bra     label           brn     label
                    bhi     label           bls     label
                    bcc     label           bhs     label
                    bcs     label           blo     label
                    bne     label           beq     label
                    bvc     label           bvs     label
                    bpl     label           bmi     label
                    bge     label           blt     label
                    bgt     label           ble     label
                    bsr     label

            AS6801 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE B-3
            6801 INSTRUCTION SET

            B.3.3  Single Operand Instructions

                    asla            aslb            asld
                    asl a           asl b           asl d
                    asl     []

                    asra            asrb
                    asr a           asr b
                    asr     []

                    clra            clrb
                    clr a           clr b
                    clr     []

                    coma            comb
                    com a           com b
                    com     []

                    deca            decb
                    dec a           dec b
                    dec     []

                    eora            eorb
                    eor a           eor b
                    eor     []

                    inca            incb
                    inc a           inc b
                    inc     []

                    lsla            lslb            lsld
                    lsl a           lsl b           lsl d
                    lsl     []

                    lsra            lsrb            lsrd
                    lsr a           lsr b           lsr d
                    lsr     []

                    nega            negb
                    neg a           neg b
                    neg     []

                    psha            pshb            pshx
                    psh a           psh b           psh x

                    pula            pulb            pulx
                    pul a           pul b           pul x

                    rola            rolb
                    rol a           rol b
                    rol     []

            AS6801 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE B-4
            6801 INSTRUCTION SET

                    rora            rorb
                    ror a           ror b
                    ror     []

                    tsta            tstb
                    tst a           tst b
                    tst     []

            B.3.4  Double Operand Instructions

                    adca    []      adcb    []
                    adc a   []      adc b   []

                    adda    []      addb    []      addd    []
                    add a   []      add b   []      add d   []

                    anda    []      andb    []
                    and a   []      and b   []

                    bita    []      bitb    []
                    bit a   []      bit b   []

                    cmpa    []      cmpb    []
                    cmp a   []      cmp b   []

                    ldaa    []      ldab    []
                    lda a   []      lda b   []

                    oraa    []      orab    []
                    ora a   []      ora b   []

                    sbca    []      sbcb    []
                    sbc a   []      sbc b   []

                    staa    []      stab    []
                    sta a   []      sta b   []

                    suba    []      subb    []      subd    []
                    sub a   []      sub b   []      sub d   []

            AS6801 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE B-5
            6801 INSTRUCTION SET

            B.3.5  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                    jmp     []      jsr     []

            B.3.6  Long Register Instructions

                    cpx     []      ldd     []
                    lds     []      ldx     []
                    std     []      sts     []
                    stx     []

            B.3.7  6303 Specific Instructions

                    aim     #data, []       eim     #data, []
                    oim     #data, []       tim     #data, []

                    xgdx            slp

                                       APPENDIX C

                                    AS6804 ASSEMBLER

               Requires the .setdp directive to specify the ram area.

            C.1  6804 REGISTER SET

            The following is a list of the 6804 registers used by AS6804:

                    x,y     -       index registers

            C.2  6804 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following  tables  list all 6804 mnemonics recognized by
            the AS6804 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
            addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
            format for each addressing mode supported by AS6804:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    ,x              register indirect addressing

                    dir             direct addressing
                                    (see .setdp directive)
                                    0 <= dir <= 255

                    ext             extended addressing

                    label           branch label

            The  terms data, dir, and ext may be expressions.  The label for
            the short branchs beq, bne, bcc, and bcs must not be external.

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to the 6804 technical data for valid modes.

            AS6804 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE C-2
            6804 INSTRUCTION SET

            C.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                    coma            decx
                    decy            incx
                    incy            rola
                    rti             rts
                    stop            tax
                    tay             txa
                    tya             wait

            C.2.2  Branch Instructions

                    bne     label           beq     label
                    bcc     label           bcs     label

            C.2.3  Single Operand Instructions

                    add     []
                    and     []
                    cmp     []
                    dec     []
                    inc     []
                    lda     []
                    sta     []
                    sub     []

            C.2.4  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                    jsr     []
                    jmp     []

            C.2.5  Bit Test Instructions

                    brclr   #data,[],label
                    brset   #data,[],label

                    bclr    #label,[]
                    bset    #label,[]

            AS6804 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE C-3
            6804 INSTRUCTION SET

            C.2.6  Load Immediate data Instruction

                    mvi     [],#data

            C.2.7  6804 Derived Instructions

                    asla
                    bam     label
                    bap     label
                    bxmi    label
                    bxpl    label
                    bymi    label
                    bypl    label
                    clra
                    clrx
                    clry
                    deca
                    decx
                    decy
                    inca
                    incx
                    incy
                    ldxi    #data
                    ldyi    #data
                    nop
                    tax
                    tay
                    txa
                    tya

                                       APPENDIX D

                                    AS6805 ASSEMBLER

            D.1  6805 REGISTER SET

            The following is a list of the 6805 registers used by AS6805:

                    a       -       8-bit accumulator
                    x       -       index register

            D.2  6805 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following  tables  list all 6805 mnemonics recognized by
            the AS6805 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
            addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
            format for each addressing mode supported by AS6805:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    *dir            direct page addressing
                                    (see .setdp directive)
                                    0 <= dir <= 255

                    ,x              register indirect addressing
                                    zero offset

                    offset,x        register indirect addressing
                                      0 <= offset <= 255   --- byte mode
                                    256 <= offset <= 65535 --- word mode
                                    (an externally defined offset uses the
                                     word mode)

                    ext             extended addressing

                    label           branch label

            AS6805 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE D-2
            6805 INSTRUCTION SET

            The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions.

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to the 6805 technical data for valid modes.

            D.2.1  Control Instructions

                    clc             cli
                    nop             rsp
                    rti             rts
                    sec             sei
                    stop            swi
                    tax             txa
                    wait

            D.2.2  Bit Manipulation Instructions

                    brset   #data,*dir,label
                    brclr   #data,*dir,label

                    bset    #data,*dir
                    bclr    #data,*dir

            D.2.3  Branch Instructions

                    bra     label           brn     label
                    bhi     label           bls     label
                    bcc     label           bcs     label
                    bne     label           beq     label
                    bhcc    label           bhcs    label
                    bpl     label           bmi     label
                    bmc     label           bms     label
                    bil     label           bih     label
                    bsr     label

            AS6805 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE D-3
            6805 INSTRUCTION SET

            D.2.4  Read-Modify-Write Instructions

                    nega            negx
                    neg     []

                    coma            comx
                    com     []

                    lsra            lsrx
                    lsr     []

                    rora            rorx
                    ror     []

                    asra            asrx
                    asr     []

                    lsla            lslx
                    lsl     []

                    rola            rolx
                    rol     []

                    deca            decx
                    dec     []

                    inca            incx
                    inc     []

                    tsta            tstx
                    tst     []

                    clra            clrx
                    clr     []

            D.2.5  Register\Memory Instructions

                    sub     []              cmp     []
                    sbc     []              cpx     []
                    and     []              bit     []
                    lda     []              sta     []
                    eor     []              adc     []
                    ora     []              add     []
                    ldx     []              stx     []

            AS6805 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE D-4
            6805 INSTRUCTION SET

            D.2.6  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                    jmp     []              jsr     []

                                       APPENDIX E

                                    AS6808 ASSEMBLER

            E.1  68HC08 REGISTER SET

            The  following  is  a  list  of  the  68HC08  registers  used by
            AS68HC08:

                    a       -       8-bit accumulator
                    x       -       index register  <H:X>
                    s       -       stack pointer

            E.2  68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following tables list all 68HC08 mnemonics recognized by
            the AS6808 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
            addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
            format for each addressing mode supported by AS6808:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    *dir            direct page addressing
                                    (see .setdp directive)
                                    0 <= dir <= 255

                    ,x              register indexed addressing
                                    zero offset

                    offset,x        register indexed addressing
                                      0 <= offset <= 255   --- byte mode
                                    256 <= offset <= 65535 --- word mode
                                    (an externally defined offset uses the
                                     word mode)

                    ,x+             register indexed addressing
                                    zero offset with post increment

            AS6808 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE E-2
            68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET

                    offset,x+       register indexed addressing
                                    unsigned byte offset with post increment

                    offset,s        stack pointer indexed addressing
                                      0 <= offset <= 255   --- byte mode
                                    256 <= offset <= 65535 --- word mode
                                    (an externally defined offset uses the
                                     word mode)

                    ext             extended addressing

                    label           branch label

            The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions.

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to the 68HC08 technical data for valid modes.

            E.2.1  Control Instructions

                    clc             cli             daa             div
                    mul             nop             nsa             psha
                    pshh            pshx            pula            pulh
                    pulx            rsp             rti             rts
                    sec             sei             stop            swi
                    tap             tax             tpa             tsx
                    txa             txs             wait

            E.2.2  Bit Manipulation Instructions

                    brset   #data,*dir,label
                    brclr   #data,*dir,label

                    bset    #data,*dir
                    bclr    #data,*dir

            AS6808 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE E-3
            68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET

            E.2.3  Branch Instructions

                    bra     label           brn     label
                    bhi     label           bls     label
                    bcc     label           bcs     label
                    bne     label           beq     label
                    bhcc    label           bhcs    label
                    bpl     label           bmi     label
                    bmc     label           bms     label
                    bil     label           bih     label
                    bsr     label           bge     label
                    blt     label           bgt     label
                    ble     label

            E.2.4  Complex Branch Instructions

                    cbeqa   [],label
                    cbeqx   [],label
                    cbeq    [],label
                    dbnza   label
                    dbnzx   label
                    dbnz    [],label

            AS6808 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE E-4
            68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET

            E.2.5  Read-Modify-Write Instructions

                    nega                    negx
                    neg     []

                    coma                    comx
                    com     []

                    lsra                    lsrx
                    lsr     []

                    rora                    rorx
                    ror     []

                    asra                    asrx
                    asr     []

                    asla                    aslx
                    asl     []

                    lsla                    lslx
                    lsl     []

                    rola                    rolx
                    rol     []

                    deca                    decx
                    dec     []

                    inca                    incx
                    inc     []

                    tsta                    tstx
                    tst     []

                    clra                    clrx
                    clr     []              clrh

                    aix     #data

                    ais     #data

            AS6808 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE E-5
            68HC08 INSTRUCTION SET

            E.2.6  Register\Memory Instructions

                    sub     []              cmp     []
                    sbc     []              cpx     []
                    and     []              bit     []
                    lda     []              sta     []
                    eor     []              adc     []
                    ora     []              add     []
                    ldx     []              stx     []

            E.2.7  Double Operand Move Instruction

                    mov     [],[]

            E.2.8  16-Bit <H:X> Index Register Instructions

                    cphx    []
                    ldhx    []
                    sthx    []

            E.2.9  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                    jmp     []              jsr     []

                                       APPENDIX F

                                    AS6809 ASSEMBLER

            F.1  6809 REGISTER SET

            The following is a list of the 6809 registers used by AS6809:

                    a,b     -       8-bit accumulators
                    d       -       16-bit accumulator <a:b>
                    x,y     -       index registers
                    s,u     -       stack pointers
                    pc      -       program counter
                    cc      -       condition code
                    dp      -       direct page

            F.2  6809 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following  tables  list all 6809 mnemonics recognized by
            the AS6809 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
            addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
            format for each addressing mode supported by AS6809:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    *dir            direct page addressing
                                    (see .setdp directive)
                                    0 <= dir <= 255

                    label           branch label

                    r,r1,r2         registers
                                    cc,a,b,d,dp,x,y,s,u,pc

                    ,-x     ,--x    register indexed
                                    autodecrement

            AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE F-2
            6809 INSTRUCTION SET

                    ,x+     ,x++    register indexed
                                    autoincrement

                    ,x              register indexed addressing
                                    zero offset

                    offset,x        register indexed addressing
                                       -16 <= offset <= 15    ---  5-bit
                                      -128 <= offset <= -17   ---  8-bit
                                        16 <= offset <= 127   ---  8-bit
                                    -32768 <= offset <= -129  --- 16-bit
                                       128 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit
                                    (external definition of offset
                                     uses 16-bit mode)

                    a,x             accumulator offset indexed addressing

                    ext             extended addressing

                    ext,pc          pc addressing ( pc <- pc + ext )

                    ext,pcr         pc relative addressing

                    [,--x]          register indexed indirect
                                    autodecrement

                    [,x++]          register indexed indirect
                                    autoincrement

                    [,x]            register indexed indirect addressing
                                    zero offset

                    [offset,x]      register indexed indirect addressing
                                      -128 <= offset <= 127   ---  8-bit
                                    -32768 <= offset <= -129  --- 16-bit
                                       128 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit
                                    (external definition of offset
                                     uses 16-bit mode)

                    [a,x]           accumulator offset indexed
                                    indirect addressing

                    [ext]           extended indirect addressing

                    [ext,pc]        pc indirect addressing
                                    ( [pc <- pc + ext] )

                    [ext,pcr]       pc relative indirect addressing

            The  terms  data, dir, label, offset, and ext may all be expres-
            sions.

            AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE F-3
            6809 INSTRUCTION SET

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to the 6809 technical data for valid modes.

            F.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                    abx             daa
                    mul             nop
                    rti             rts
                    sex             swi
                    swi1            swi2
                    swi3            sync

            F.2.2  Short Branch Instructions

                    bcc     label           bcs     label
                    beq     label           bge     label
                    bgt     label           bhi     label
                    bhis    label           bhs     label
                    ble     label           blo     label
                    blos    label           bls     label
                    blt     label           bmi     label
                    bne     label           bpl     label
                    bra     label           brn     label
                    bvc     label           bvs     label
                    bsr     label

            F.2.3  Long Branch Instructions

                    lbcc    label           lbcs    label
                    lbeq    label           lbge    label
                    lbgt    label           lbhi    label
                    lbhis   label           lbhs    label
                    lble    label           lblo    label
                    lblos   label           lbls    label
                    lblt    label           lbmi    label
                    lbne    label           lbpl    label
                    lbra    label           lbrn    label
                    lbvc    label           lbvs    label
                    lbsr    label

            AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE F-4
            6809 INSTRUCTION SET

            F.2.4  Single Operand Instructions

                    asla            aslb
                    asl     []

                    asra            asrb
                    asr     []

                    clra            clrb
                    clr     []

                    coma            comb
                    com     []

                    deca            decb
                    dec     []

                    inca            incb
                    inc     []

                    lsla            lslb
                    lsl     []

                    lsra            lsrb
                    lsr     []

                    nega            negb
                    neg     []

                    rola            rolb
                    rol     []

                    rora            rorb
                    ror     []

                    tsta            tstb
                    tst     []

            AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE F-5
            6809 INSTRUCTION SET

            F.2.5  Double Operand Instructions

                    adca    []              adcb    []

                    adda    []              addb    []

                    anda    []              andb    []

                    bita    []              bitb    []

                    cmpa    []              cmpb    []

                    eora    []              eorb    []

                    lda     []              ldb     []

                    ora     []              orb     []

                    sbca    []              sbcb    []

                    sta     []              stb     []

                    suba    []              subb    []

            F.2.6  D-register Instructions

                    addd    []              subd    []
                    cmpd    []              ldd     []
                    std     []

            F.2.7  Index/Stack Register Instructions

                    cmps    []              cmpu    []
                    cmpx    []              cmpy    []

                    lds     []              ldu     []
                    ldx     []              ldy     []

                    leas    []              leau    []
                    leax    []              leay    []

                    sts     []              stu     []
                    stx     []              sty     []

                    pshs    r               pshu    r
                    puls    r               pulu    r

            AS6809 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE F-6
            6809 INSTRUCTION SET

            F.2.8  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                    jmp     []              jsr     []

            F.2.9  Register - Register Instructions

                    exg     r1,r2           tfr     r1,r2

            F.2.10  Condition Code Register Instructions

                    andcc   #data           orcc    #data
                    cwai    #data

            F.2.11  6800 Compatibility Instructions

                    aba             cba
                    clc             cli
                    clv             des
                    dex             ins
                    inx
                    ldaa    []      ldab    []
                    oraa    []      orab    []
                    psha            pshb
                    pula            pulb
                    sba             sec
                    sei             sev
                    staa    []      stab    []
                    tab             tap
                    tba             tpa
                    tsx             txs
                    wai

                                       APPENDIX G

                                    AS6811 ASSEMBLER

            G.1  68HC11 REGISTER SET

            The following is a list of the 68HC11 registers used by AS6811:

                    a,b     -       8-bit accumulators
                    d       -       16-bit accumulator <a:b>
                    x,y     -       index registers

            G.2  68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following tables list all 68HC11 mnemonics recognized by
            the AS6811 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
            addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
            format for each addressing mode supported by AS6811:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    *dir            direct page addressing
                                    (see .setdp directive)
                                    0 <= dir <= 255

                    ,x              register indirect addressing
                                    zero offset

                    offset,x        register indirect addressing
                                    0 <= offset <= 255

                    ext             extended addressing

                    label           branch label

            The terms data, dir, offset, and ext may all be expressions.

            AS6811 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE G-2
            68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to the 68HC11 technical data for valid modes.

            G.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                    aba             abx
                    aby             cba
                    clc             cli
                    clv             daa
                    des             dex
                    dey             fdiv
                    idiv            ins
                    inx             iny
                    mul             nop
                    rti             rts
                    sba             sec
                    sei             sev
                    stop            swi
                    tab             tap
                    tba             tpa
                    tsx             txs
                    wai             xgdx
                    xgdy

                    psha            pshb
                    psh a           psh b
                    pshx            pshy
                    psh x           psh y

                    pula            pulb
                    pul a           pul b
                    pulx            puly
                    pul x           pul y

            G.2.2  Branch Instructions

                    bra     label           brn     label
                    bhi     label           bls     label
                    bcc     label           bhs     label
                    bcs     label           blo     label
                    bne     label           beq     label
                    bvc     label           bvs     label
                    bpl     label           bmi     label
                    bge     label           blt     label
                    bgt     label           ble     label
                    bsr     label

            AS6811 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE G-3
            68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET

            G.2.3  Single Operand Instructions

                    asla            aslb            asld
                    asl a           asl b           asl d
                    asl     []

                    asra            asrb
                    asr a           asr b
                    asr     []

                    clra            clrb
                    clr a           clr b
                    clr     label

                    coma            comb
                    com a           com b
                    com     []

                    deca            decb
                    dec a           dec b
                    dec     []

                    inca            incb
                    inc a           inc b
                    inc     []

                    lsla            lslb            lsld
                    lsl a           lsl b           lsl d
                    lsl     []

                    lsra            lsrb            lsrd
                    lsr a           lsr b           lsr d
                    lsr     []

                    nega            negb
                    neg a           neg b
                    neg     []

                    rola            rolb
                    rol a           rol b
                    rol     []

                    rora            rorb
                    ror a           ror b
                    ror     []

                    tsta            tstb
                    tst a           tst b
                    tst     []

            AS6811 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE G-4
            68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET

            G.2.4  Double Operand Instructions

                    adca    []              adcb    []
                    adc a   []              adc b   []

                    adda    []      addb    []      addd    []
                    add a   []      add b   []      add d   []

                    anda    []              andb    []
                    and a   []              and b   []

                    bita    []              bitb    []
                    bit a   []              bit b   []

                    cmpa    []              cmpb    []
                    cmp a   []              cmp b   []

                    eora    []              eorb    []
                    eor a   []              eor b   []

                    ldaa    []              ldab    []
                    lda a   []              lda b   []

                    oraa    []              orab    []
                    ora a   []              ora b   []

                    sbca    []              sbcb    []
                    sbc a   []              sbc b   []

                    staa    []              stab    []
                    sta a   []              sta b   []

                    suba    []      subb    []      subd    []
                    sub a   []      sub b   []      sub d   []

            G.2.5  Bit Manupulation Instructions

                    bclr    [],#data
                    bset    [],#data

                    brclr   [],#data,label
                    brset   [],#data,label

            AS6811 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE G-5
            68HC11 INSTRUCTION SET

            G.2.6  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                    jmp     []              jsr     []

            G.2.7  Long Register Instructions

                    cpx     []              cpy     []

                    ldd     []              lds     []
                    ldx     []              ldy     []

                    std     []              sts     []
                    stx     []              sty     []

                                       APPENDIX H

                                    AS6812 ASSEMBLER

            H.1  68HC12 REGISTER SET

            The following is a list of the 68HC12 registers used by AS6812:

                    a,b     -       8-bit accumulators
                    d       -       16-bit accumulator <a:b>
                    x,y     -       index registers
                    sp,s    -       stack pointer
                    pc      -       program counter
                    ccr,cc  -       condition code register

            H.2  68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following tables list all 68HC12 mnemonics recognized by
            the AS6812 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
            addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
            format for each addressing mode supported by AS6812:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    ext             extended addressing

                    pg              memory page number

                    *dir            direct page addressing
                                    (see .setdp directive)
                                    0 <= dir <= 255

                    label           branch label

                    r,r1,r2         registers
                                    ccr,a,b,d,x,y,sp,pc

            AS6812 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-2
            68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

                    -x      x-      register indexed, pre or
                    ,-x     ,x-     post autodecrement by 1

                    n,-x    n,x-    register indexed, pre or
                                    post autodecrement by 1 - 8

                    +x      x+      register indexed, pre or
                    ,+x     ,x+     post autoincrement by 1

                    n,+x    n,x+    register indexed, pre or
                                    post autoincrement by 1 - 8

                    offset,x        register indexed addressing
                                       -16 <= offset <= 15    ---  5-bit
                                      -256 <= offset <= -17   ---  9-bit
                                        16 <= offset <= 255   ---  9-bit
                                    -32768 <= offset <= -257  --- 16-bit
                                       256 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit
                                    (external definition of offset
                                     uses 16-bit mode)

                    [offset,x]      register indexed indirect addressing
                                    -32768 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit

                    [,x]            register indexed indirect addressing
                                    zero offset

                    a,x             accumulator offset indexed addressing

                    [d,x]           d accumulator offset indexed
                                    indirect addressing

            The  terms  data, dir, label, offset, and ext may all be expres-
            sions.

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to the 68HC12 technical data for valid modes.

            AS6812 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-3
            68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

            H.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                    aba             bgnd            cba
                    daa             dex             dey
                    ediv            edivs           emul
                    emuls           fdiv            idiv
                    idivs           inx             iny
                    mem             mul             nop
                    psha            pshb            pshc
                    pshd            pshx            pshy
                    pula            pulb            pulc
                    puld            pulx            puly
                    rev             revw            rtc
                    rti             rts             sba
                    stop            swi             tab
                    tba             wai             wav
                    wavr

            H.2.2  Short Branch Instructions

                    bcc     label           bcs     label
                    beq     label           bge     label
                    bgt     label           bhi     label
                    bhis    label           bhs     label
                    ble     label           blo     label
                    blos    label           bls     label
                    blt     label           bmi     label
                    bne     label           bpl     label
                    bra     label           brn     label
                    bvc     label           bvs     label
                    bsr     label

            H.2.3  Long Branch Instructions

                    lbcc    label           lbcs    label
                    lbeq    label           lbge    label
                    lbgt    label           lbhi    label
                    lbhis   label           lbhs    label
                    lble    label           lblo    label
                    lblos   label           lbls    label
                    lblt    label           lbmi    label
                    lbne    label           lbpl    label
                    lbra    label           lbrn    label
                    lbvc    label           lbvs    label

            AS6812 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-4
            68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

            H.2.4  Branch on Decrement, Test, or Increment

                    dbeq    r,label         dbne    r,label
                    ibeq    r,label         ibne    r,label
                    tbeq    r,label         tbne    r,label

            H.2.5  Bit Clear and Set Instructions

                    bclr    [],#data
                    bset    [],#data

            H.2.6  Branch on Bit Clear or Set

                    brclr   [],#data,label
                    brset   [],#data,label

            AS6812 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-5
            68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

            H.2.7  Single Operand Instructions

                    asla            aslb
                    asl     []

                    asra            asrb
                    asr     []

                    clra            clrb
                    clr     []

                    coma            comb
                    com     []

                    deca            decb
                    dec     []

                    inca            incb
                    inc     []

                    lsla            lslb
                    lsl     []

                    lsra            lsrb
                    lsr     []

                    nega            negb
                    neg     []

                    rola            rolb
                    rol     []

                    rora            rorb
                    ror     []

                    tsta            tstb
                    tst     []

            AS6812 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-6
            68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

            H.2.8  Double Operand Instructions

                    adca    []              adcb    []

                    adda    []              addb    []

                    anda    []              andb    []

                    bita    []              bitb    []

                    cmpa    []              cmpb    []

                    eora    []              eorb    []

                    ldaa    []      <=>     lda     []

                    ldab    []      <=>     ldb     []

                    oraa    []      <=>     ora     []

                    orab    []      <=>     orb     []

                    sbca    []              sbcb    []

                    staa    []      <=>     sta     []

                    stab    []      <=>     stb     []

                    suba    []              subb    []

            H.2.9  Move Instructions

                    movb    [],[]           movw    [],[]

            H.2.10  D-register Instructions

                    addd    []              subd    []
                    cpd     []      <=>     cmpd    []
                    ldd     []              std     []

            AS6812 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-7
            68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

            H.2.11  Index/Stack Register Instructions

                    cps     []      <=>     cmps    []
                    cpx     []      <=>     cmpx    []
                    cpy     []      <=>     cmpy    []

                    lds     []
                    ldx     []              ldy     []

                    leas    []
                    leax    []              leay    []

                    sts     []
                    stx     []              sty     []

            H.2.12  Jump and Jump/Call to Subroutine Instructions

                    call    [],pg
                    jmp     []              jsr     []

            H.2.13  Other Special Instructions

                    emacs   []
                    emaxd   []              emaxm   []
                    emind   []              eminm   []
                    etbl    []
                    maxa    []              maxm    []
                    mina    []              minm    []
                    tbl     []              trap    #data

            H.2.14  Register - Register Instructions

                    exg     r1,r2           sex     r1,r2
                    tfr     r1,r2

            H.2.15  Condition Code Register Instructions

                    andcc   #data           orcc    #data

            AS6812 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE H-8
            68HC12 INSTRUCTION SET

            H.2.16  M68HC11 Compatibility Mode Instructions

                    abx             aby             clc
                    cli             clv             des
                    ins             sec             sei
                    sev             tap             tpa
                    tsx             tsy             txs
                    tys             xgdx            xgdy

                                       APPENDIX I

                                    AS6816 ASSEMBLER

            I.1  68HC16 REGISTER SET

            The following is a list of the 68HC16 registers used by AS6816:

                    a,b     -       8-bit accumulators
                    d       -       16-bit accumulator <a:b>
                    e       -       16-bit accumulator
                    x,y,z   -       index registers
                    k       -       address extension register
                    s       -       stack pointer
                    ccr     -       condition code

            I.2  68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following tables list all 68HC16 mnemonics recognized by
            the AS6816 assembler.  The designation [] refers to  a  required
            addressing  mode  argument.   The  following  list specifies the
            format for each addressing mode supported by AS6816:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    #xo,#yo         local immediate data (mac / rmac)

                    label           branch label

                    r               register
                                    ccr,a,b,d,e,x,y,z,s

                    ,x              zero offset register indexed addressing
                    ,x8
                    ,x16

                    offset,x        register indexed addressing

            AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE I-2
            68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

                                         0 <= offset <= 255   ---  8-bit
                                    -32768 <= offset <= -1    --- 16-bit
                                       256 <= offset <= 32767 --- 16-bit
                                    (external definition of offset
                                     uses 16-bit mode)

                    offset,x8       unsigned 8-bit offset indexed addressing
                    offset,x16      signed 16-bit offset indexed addressing

                    e,x             accumulator offset indexed addressing

                    ext             extended addressing

                    bank            64K bank number (jmp / jsr)

            The  terms data, label, offset, bank, and ext may all be expres-
            sions.

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to the 6816 technical data for valid modes.

            I.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                    aba             abx             aby             abz
                    ace             aced            ade             adx
                    ady             adz             aex             aey
                    aez             bgnd            cba             daa
                    ediv            edivs           emul            emuls
                    fdiv            fmuls           idiv            ldhi
                    lpstop          mul             nop             psha
                    pshb            pshmac          pula            pulb
                    pulmac          rtr             rts             sba
                    sde             sted            swi             sxt
                    tab             tap             tba             tbek
                    tbsk            tbxk            tbyk            tbzk
                    tde             tdmsk           tdp             ted
                    tedm            tekb            tem             tmer
                    tmet            tmxed           tpa             tpd
                    tskb            tsx             tsy             tsz
                    txkb            txs             txy             txz
                    tykb            tys             tyx             tyz
                    tzkb            tzs             tzx             tzy
                    wai             xgab            xgde            xgdx
                    xgdy            xgdz            xgex            xgey
                    xgez

            AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE I-3
            68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

            I.2.2  Push/Pull Multiple Register Instructions

                    pshm    r,...           pulm    r,...

            I.2.3  Short Branch Instructions

                    bcc     label           bcs     label
                    beq     label           bge     label
                    bgt     label           bhi     label
                    bhis    label           bhs     label
                    ble     label           blo     label
                    blos    label           bls     label
                    blt     label           bmi     label
                    bne     label           bpl     label
                    bra     label           brn     label
                    bvc     label           bvs     label
                    bsr     label

            I.2.4  Long Branch Instructions

                    lbcc    label           lbcs    label
                    lbeq    label           lbge    label
                    lbgt    label           lbhi    label
                    lbhis   label           lbhs    label
                    lble    label           lblo    label
                    lblos   label           lbls    label
                    lblt    label           lbmi    label
                    lbne    label           lbpl    label
                    lbra    label           lbrn    label
                    lbvc    label           lbvs    label
                    lbsr    label

            I.2.5  Bit Manipulation Instructions

                    bclr    [],#data
                    bset    [],#data

                    brclr   [],#data,label
                    brset   [],#data,label

            AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE I-4
            68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

            I.2.6  Single Operand Instructions

                    asla                    aslb
                    asld                    asle
                    aslm
                    asl     []              aslw    []

                    asra                    asrb
                    asrd                    asre
                    asrm
                    asr     []              asrw    []

                    clra                    clrb
                    clrd                    clre
                                            clrm
                    clr     []              clrw    []

                    coma                    comb
                    comd                    come
                    com     []              comw    []

                    deca                    decb
                    dec     []              decw    []

                    inca                    incb
                    inc     []              incw    []

                    lsla                    lslb
                    lsld                    lsle
                    lslm
                    lsl     []              lslw    []

                    lsra                    lsrb
                    lsrd                    lsre
                    lsr     []              lsrw    []

                    nega                    negb
                    negd                    nege
                    neg     []              negw    []

                    rola                    rolb
                    rold                    role
                    rol     []              rolw    []

                    rora                    rorb
                    rord                    rore
                    ror     []              rorw    []

                    tsta                    tstb
                    tsta                    tste
                    tst     []              tstw    []

            AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE I-5
            68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

            I.2.7  Double Operand Instructions

                    adca    []              adcb    []
                    adcd    []              adce    []

                    adda    []              addb    []
                    addd    []              adde    []

                    anda    []              andb    []
                    andd    []              ande    []

                    bita    []              bitb    []

                    cmpa    []              cmpb    []
                    cpd     []              cpe     []

                    eora    []              eorb    []
                    eord    []              eore    []

                    ldaa    []              ldab    []
                    ldd     []              lde     []

                    oraa    []              orab    []
                    ord     []              ore     []

                    sbca    []              sbcb    []
                    sbcd    []              sbce    []

                    staa    []              stab    []
                    std     []              ste     []

                    suba    []              subb    []
                    subd    []              sube    []

            I.2.8  Index/Stack Register Instructions

                    cps     []              cpx     []
                    cpy     []              cpz     []

                    lds     []              ldx     []
                    ldy     []              ldz     []

                    sts     []              stx     []
                    sty     []              stz     []

            AS6816 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE I-6
            68HC16 INSTRUCTION SET

            I.2.9  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                    jmp     bank,[]         jsr     bank,[]

            I.2.10  Condition Code Register Instructions

                    andp    #data           orp     #data

            I.2.11  Multiply and Accumulate Instructions

                    mac     #data           rmac    #data
                    mac     #xo,#yo         rmac    #xo,#yo

                                       APPENDIX J

                                     ASH8 ASSEMBLER

            J.1  H8/3XX REGISTER SET

            The following is a list of the H8 registers used by ASH8:

                    r0  -  r7,sp            16-bit accumulators
                    r0L -  r7L,spL          8-bit accumulators
                    r0H -  r7H,spH          8-bit accumulators
                    spL,spH,sp              stack pointers
                    ccr                     condition code

            J.2  H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following tables list all H8/3xx mnemonics recognized by
            the ASH8 assembler.  The designation [] refers to a required ad-
            dressing mode argument.  The following list specifies the format
            for each addressing mode supported by ASH8:

                    #xx:3           immediate data (3  bit)
                    #xx:8           immediate data (8  bit)
                    #xx:16          immediate data (16 bit)

                    *dir            direct page addressing
                                    (see .setdp directive)
                                    0xFF00 <= dir <= 0xFFFF

                    label           branch label

                    rn              registers (16 bit)
                                    r0-r7,sp

                    rnB             registers (8 bit)
                                    r0H-r7H,r0L-r7L,spH,spL

            ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE J-2
            H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

                    ccr             condition code register

                    @rn             register indirect

                    @-rn            register indirect (auto pre-decrement)

                    @rn+            register indirect (auto post-increment)

                    @[offset,rn]    register indirect, 16-bit displacement

                    @@offset        memory indirect, (8-bit address)

                    ext             extended addressing (16-bit)

            The  terms  data, dir, label, offset, and ext may all be expres-
            sions.

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to the H8/3xx technical data for valid modes.

            J.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                    eepmov
                    nop
                    sleep
                    rte
                    rts

            J.2.2  Branch Instructions

                    bcc     label                   bcs     label
                    beq     label                   bf      label
                    bge     label                   bgt     label
                    bhi     label                   bhis    label
                    bhs     label                   ble     label
                    blo     label                   blos    label
                    bls     label                   blt     label
                    bmi     label                   bne     label
                    bpl     label                   bra     label
                    brn     label                   bt      label
                    bvc     label                   bvs     label
                    bsr     label

            ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE J-3
            H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

            J.2.3  Single Operand Instructions

                    Free Form

                    daa     rnB                     das     rnB

                    dec     rnB                     inc     rnB

                    neg     rnB                     not     rnB

                    rotxl   rnB                     rotxr   rnB

                    rotl    rnB                     rotr    rnB

                    shal    rnB                     shar    rnB

                    shll    rnB                     shlr    rnB

                    push    rn                      pop     rn

                    Byte / Word Form

                    daa.b   rnB                     das.b   rnB

                    dec.b   rnB                     inc.b   rnB

                    neg.b   rnB                     not.b   rnB

                    rotxl.b rnB                     rotxr.b rnB

                    rotl.b  rnB                     rotr.b  rnB

                    shal.b  rnB                     shar.b  rnB

                    shll.b  rnB                     shlr.b  rnB

                    push.w  rn                      pop.w   rn

            ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE J-4
            H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

            J.2.4  Double Operand Instructions

                    Free Form

                    add     rnB,rnB                 add     #xx:8,rnB
                    add     rn,rn
                    adds    #1,rn                   adds    #2,rn
                    addx    rnB,rnB                 addx    #xx:8,rnB

                    cmp     rnB,rnB                 cmp     #xx:8,rnB
                    cmp     rn,rn

                    sub     rnB,rnB
                    sub     rn,rn
                    subs    #1,rn                   subs    #2,rn
                    subx    rnB,rnB                 subx    #xx:8,rnB

                    and     rnB,rnB                 and     #xx:8,rnB
                                                    and     #xx:8,ccr

                    or      rnB,rnB                 or      #xx:8,rnB
                                                    or      #xx:8,ccr

                    xor     rnB,rnB                 xor     #xx:8,rnB
                                                    xor     #xx:8,ccr

                    Byte / Word Form

                    add.b   rnB,rnB                 add.b   #xx:8,rnB
                    add.w   rn,rn

                    cmp.b   rnB,rnB                 cmp.b   #xx:8,rnB
                    cmp.w   rn,rn

                    sub.b   rnB,rnB
                    sub.w   rn,rn

                    addx.b  rnB,rnB                 addx.b  #xx:8,rnB

                    and.b   rnB,rnB                 and.b   #xx:8,rnB
                                                    and.b   #xx:8,ccr

                    or.b    rnB,rnB                 or.b    #xx:8,rnB
                                                    or.b    #xx:8,ccr

                    subx.b  rnB,rnB                 subx.b  #xx:8,rnB

                    xor.b   rnB,rnB                 xor.b   #xx:8,rnB
                                                    xor.b   #xx:8,ccr

            ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE J-5
            H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

            J.2.5  Mov Instructions

                    Free Form

                    mov     rnB,rnB                 mov     rn,rn
                    mov     #xx:8,rnB               mov     #xx:16,rn
                    mov     @rn,rnB                 mov     @rn,rn
                    mov     @[offset,rn],rnB        mov     @[offset,rn],rn
                    mov     @rn+,rnB                mov     @rn+,rn
                    mov     @dir,rnB
                    mov     dir,rnB
                    mov     *@dir,rnB
                    mov     *dir,rnB
                    mov     @label,rnB              mov     @label,rn
                    mov     label,rnB               mov     label,rn
                    mov     rnB,@rn                 mov     rn,@rn
                    mov     rnB,@[offset,rn]        mov     rn,@[offset,rn]
                    mov     rnB,@-rn                mov     rn,@-rn
                    mov     rnB,@dir
                    mov     rnB,dir
                    mov     rnB,*@dir
                    mov     rnB,*dir
                    mov     rnB,@label              mov     rn,@label
                    mov     rnB,label               mov     rn,label

                    Byte / Word Form

                    mov.b   rnB,rnB                 mov.w   rn,rn
                    mov.b   #xx:8,rnB               mov.w   #xx:16,rn
                    mov.b   @rn,rnB                 mov.w   @rn,rn
                    mov.b   @[offset,rn],rnB        mov.w   @[offset,rn],rn
                    mov.b   @rn+,rnB                mov.w   @rn+,rn
                    mov.b   @dir,rnB
                    mov.b   dir,rnB
                    mov.b   *@dir,rnB
                    mov.b   *dir,rnB
                    mov.b   @label,rnB              mov.w   @label,rn
                    mov.b   label,rnB               mov.w   label,rn
                    mov.b   rnB,@rn                 mov.w   rn,@rn
                    mov.b   rnB,@[offset,rn]        mov.w   rn,@[offset,rn]
                    mov.b   rnB,@-rn                mov.w   rn,@-rn
                    mov.b   rnB,@dir
                    mov.b   rnB,dir
                    mov.b   rnB,*@dir
                    mov.b   rnB,*dir
                    mov.b   rnB,@label              mov.w   rn,@label
                    mov.b   rnB,label               mov.w   rn,label

            ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE J-6
            H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

            J.2.6  Bit Manipulation Instructions

                    bld     #xx:3,rnB               bld     #xx:3,@rn
                    bld     #xx:3,@dir              bld     #xx:3,dir
                    bld     #xx:3,*@dir             bld     #xx:3,*dir

                    bild    #xx:3,rnB               bild    #xx:3,@rn
                    bild    #xx:3,@dir              bild    #xx:3,dir
                    bild    #xx:3,*@dir             bild    #xx:3,*dir

                    bst     #xx:3,rnB               bst     #xx:3,@rn
                    bst     #xx:3,@dir              bst     #xx:3,dir
                    bst     #xx:3,*@dir             bst     #xx:3,*dir

                    bist    #xx:3,rnB               bist    #xx:3,@rn
                    bist    #xx:3,@dir              bist    #xx:3,dir
                    bist    #xx:3,*@dir             bist    #xx:3,*dir

                    band    #xx:3,rnB               band    #xx:3,@rn
                    band    #xx:3,@dir              band    #xx:3,dir
                    band    #xx:3,*@dir             band    #xx:3,*dir

                    biand   #xx:3,rnB               biand   #xx:3,@rn
                    biand   #xx:3,@dir              biand   #xx:3,dir
                    biand   #xx:3,*@dir             biand   #xx:3,*dir

                    bor     #xx:3,rnB               bor     #xx:3,@rn
                    bor     #xx:3,@dir              bor     #xx:3,dir
                    bor     #xx:3,*@dir             bor     #xx:3,*dir

                    bior    #xx:3,rnB               bior    #xx:3,@rn
                    bior    #xx:3,@dir              bior    #xx:3,dir
                    bior    #xx:3,*@dir             bior    #xx:3,*dir

                    bxor    #xx:3,rnB               bxor    #xx:3,@rn
                    bxor    #xx:3,@dir              bxor    #xx:3,dir
                    bxor    #xx:3,*@dir             bxor    #xx:3,*dir

                    bixor   #xx:3,rnB               bixor   #xx:3,@rn
                    bixor   #xx:3,@dir              bixor   #xx:3,dir
                    bixor   #xx:3,*@dir             bixor   #xx:3,*dir

            ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE J-7
            H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

            J.2.7  Extended Bit Manipulation Instructions

                    bset    #xx:3,rnB               bset    #xx:3,@rn
                    bset    #xx:3,@dir              bset    #xx:3,dir
                    bset    #xx:3,*@dir             bset    #xx:3,*dir
                    bset    rnB,rnB                 bset    rnB,@rn
                    bset    rnB,@dir                bset    rnB,dir
                    bset    rnB,*@dir               bset    rnB,*dir

                    bclr    #xx:3,rnB               bclr    #xx:3,@rn
                    bclr    #xx:3,@dir              bclr    #xx:3,dir
                    bclr    #xx:3,*@dir             bclr    #xx:3,*dir
                    bclr    rnB,rnB                 bclr    rnB,@rn
                    bclr    rnB,@dir                bclr    rnB,dir
                    bclr    rnB,*@dir               bclr    rnB,*dir

                    bnot    #xx:3,rnB               bnot    #xx:3,@rn
                    bnot    #xx:3,@dir              bnot    #xx:3,dir
                    bnot    #xx:3,*@dir             bnot    #xx:3,*dir
                    bnot    rnB,rnB                 bnot    rnB,@rn
                    bnot    rnB,@dir                bnot    rnB,dir
                    bnot    rnB,*@dir               bnot    rnB,*dir

                    btst    #xx:3,rnB               btst    #xx:3,@rn
                    btst    #xx:3,@dir              btst    #xx:3,dir
                    btst    #xx:3,*@dir             btst    #xx:3,*dir
                    btst    rnB,rnB                 btst    rnB,@rn
                    btst    rnB,@dir                btst    rnB,dir
                    btst    rnB,*@dir               btst    rnB,*dir

            J.2.8  Condition Code Instructions

                    andc    #xx:8,ccr               andc    #xx:8
                    and     #xx:8,ccr               and.b   #xx:8,ccr

                    ldc     #xx:8,ccr               ldc     #xx:8
                    ldc     rnB,ccr                 ldc     rnB

                    orc     #xx:8,ccr               orc     #xx:8
                    or      #xx:8,ccr               or.b    #xx:8,ccr

                    xorc    #xx:8,ccr               xorc    #xx:8
                    xor     #xx:8,ccr               xor.b   #xx:8,ccr

                    stc     ccr,rnB                 stc     rnB

            ASH8 ASSEMBLER                                          PAGE J-8
            H8/3XX INSTRUCTION SET

            J.2.9  Other Instructions

                    divxu   rnB,rn                  divxu.b rnB,rn

                    mulxu   rnB,rn                  mulxu.b rnB,rn

                    movfpe  @label,rnB              movfpe  label,rnB
                    movfpe.b  @label,rnB            movfpe.b  label,rnB

                    movtpe  @label,rnB              movtpe  label,rnB
                    movtpe.b  @label,rnB            movtpe.b  label,rnB

            J.2.10  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                    jmp     @rn                     jmp     @@dir
                    jmp     @label                  jmp     label

                    jsr     @rn                     jsr     @@dir
                    jsr     @label                  jsr     label

                                       APPENDIX K

                                    AS8051 ASSEMBLER

            K.1  ACKNOWLEDGMENT

               Thanks  to  John  Hartman  for his contribution of the AS8051
            cross assembler.

                    John L. Hartman
                    jhartman@compuserve.com

            K.2  8051 REGISTER SET

            The following is a list of the 8051 registers used by AS8051:

                    a,b             -       8-bit accumulators
                    r0,r1,r2,r3     -       8-bit registers
                    r4,r5,r6,r7
                    dptr            -       data pointer
                    sp              -       stack pointer
                    pc              -       program counter
                    psw             -       status word
                    c               -       carry (bit in status word)

            AS8051 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE K-2
            8051 REGISTER SET

            K.3  8051 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following  tables  list all 8051 mnemonics recognized by
            the AS8051 assembler.  The following list specifies  the  format
            for each addressing mode supported by AS8051:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    r,r1,r2         register r0,r1,r2,r3,r4,r5,r6, or r7

                    @r              indirect on register r0 or r1
                    @dptr           indirect on data pointer
                    @a+dptr         indirect on accumulator
                                    plus data pointer
                    @a+pc           indirect on accumulator
                                    plus program counter

                    addr            direct memory address

                    bitaddr         bit address

                    label           call or jump label

            The terms data, addr, bitaddr, and label may all be expressions.

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction.  Refer to the 8051 technical data for valid modes.

            K.3.1  Inherent Instructions

                    nop

            AS8051 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE K-3
            8051 INSTRUCTION SET

            K.3.2  Move Instructions

                    mov     a,#data         mov     a,addr
                    mov     a,r             mov     a,@r

                    mov     r,#data         mov     r,addr
                    mov     r,a

                    mov     addr,a          mov     addr,#data
                    mov     addr,r          mov     addr,@r
                    mov     addr1,addr2     mov     bitaddr,c

                    mov     @r,#data        mov     @r,addr
                    mov     @r,a

                    mov     c,bitaddr
                    mov     dptr,#data

                    movc    a,@a+dptr       movc    a,@a+pc
                    movx    a,@dptr         movx    a,@r
                    movx    @dptr,a         movx    @r,a

            K.3.3  Single Operand Instructions

                    clr     a               clr     c
                    clr     bitaddr
                    cpl     a               cpl     c
                    cpl     bitaddr
                    setb    c               setb    bitaddr

                    da      a
                    rr      a               rrc     a
                    rl      a               rlc     a
                    swap    a

                    dec     a               dec     r
                    dec     @r
                    inc     a               inc     r
                    inc     dptr            inc     @r

                    div     ab              mul     ab

                    pop     addr            push    addr

            AS8051 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE K-4
            8051 INSTRUCTION SET

            K.3.4  Two Operand Instructions

                    add     a,#data         add     a,addr
                    add     a,r             add     a,@r
                    addc    a,#data         addc    a,addr
                    addc    a,r             addc    a,@r
                    subb    a,#data         subb    a,addr
                    subb    a,r             subb    a,@r
                    orl     a,#data         orl     a,addr
                    orl     a,r             orl     a,@r
                    orl     addr,a          orl     addr,#data
                    orl     c,bitaddr       orl     c,/bitaddr
                    anl     a,#data         anl     a,addr
                    anl     a,r             anl     a,@r
                    anl     addr,a          anl     addr,#data
                    anl     c,bitaddr       anl     c,/bitaddr
                    xrl     a,#data         xrl     a,addr
                    xrl     a,r             xrl     a,@r
                    xrl     addr,a          xrl     addr,#data
                    xrl     c,bitaddr       xrl     c,/bitaddr
                    xch     a,addr          xch     a,r
                    xch     a,@r            xchd    a,@r

            K.3.5  Call and Return Instructions

                    acall   label           lcall   label
                    ret                     reti
                    in      data
                    out     data
                    rst     data

            K.3.6  Jump Instructions

                    ajmp    label
                    cjne    a,#data,label   cjne    a,addr,label
                    cjne    r,#data,label   cjne    @r,#data,label
                    djnz    r,label         djnz    addr,label
                    jbc     bitadr,label
                    jb      bitadr,label    jnb     bitadr,label
                    jc      label           jnc     label
                    jz      label           jnz     label
                    jmp     @a+dptr
                    ljmp    label           sjmp    label

            AS8051 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE K-5
            8051 INSTRUCTION SET

            K.3.7  Predefined Symbols:  SFR Map

                            --------- 4 Bytes ----------
                            ----    ----    ----    ----
                    FC                                          FF
                    F8                                          FB
                    F4                                          F7
                    F0      B                                   F3
                    EC                                          EF
                    E8                                          EB
                    E4                                          E7
                    E0      ACC                                 E3
                    DC                                          DF
                    D8                                          DB
                    D4                                          D7
                    D0      PSW                                 D3
                    CC   [  TL2     TH2                     ]   CF
                    C8   [  T2CON           RCAP2L  RCAP2H  ]   CB
                    C4                                          C7
                    C0                                          C3
                    BC                                          BF
                    B8      IP                                  BB
                    B4                                          B7
                    B0      P3                                  B3
                    AC                                          AF
                    A8      IE                                  AB
                    A4                                          A7
                    A0      P2                                  A3
                    9C                                          9F
                    98      SCON    SBUF                        9B
                    94                                          97
                    90      P1                                  93
                    8C      TH0     TH1                         8F
                    88      TCON    TMOD    TL0     TL1         8B
                    84                              PCON        87
                    80      P0      SP      DPL     DPH         83

                    [...] Indicates Resident in 8052, not 8051

            AS8051 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE K-6
            8051 INSTRUCTION SET

            K.3.8  Predefined Symbols:  SFR Bit Addresses

                            ---------- 4 BITS ----------
                            ----    ----    ----    ----
                    FC                                          FF
                    F8                                          FB
                    F4      B.4     B.5     B.6     B.7         F7
                    F0      B.0     B.1     B.2     B.3         F3
                    EC                                          EF
                    E8                                          EB
                    E4      ACC.4   ACC.5   ACC.6   ACC.7       E7
                    E0      ACC.0   ACC.1   ACC.2   ACC.3       E3
                    DC                                          DF
                    D8                                          DB
                    D4      PSW.4   PSW.5   PSW.6   PSW.7       D7
                    D0      PSW.0   PSW.1   PSW.2   PSW.3       D3
                    CC   [  T2CON.4 T2CON.5 T2CON.6 T2CON.7 ]   CF
                    C8   [  T2CON.0 T2CON.1 T2CON.2 T2CON.3 ]   CB
                    C4                                          C7
                    C0                                          C3
                    BC      IP.4    IP.5    IP.6    IP.7        BF
                    B8      IP.0    IP.1    IP.2    IP.3        BB
                    B4      P3.4    P3.5    P3.6    P3.7        B7
                    B0      P3.0    P3.1    P3.2    P3.3        B3
                    AC      IE.4    IE.5    EI.6    IE.7        AF
                    A8      IE.0    IE.1    IE.2    IE.3        AB
                    A4      P2.4    P2.5    P2.6    P2.7        A7
                    A0      P2.0    P2.1    P2.2    P2.3        A3
                    9C      SCON.4  SCON.5  SCON.6  SCON.7      9F
                    98      SCON.0  SCON.1  SCON.2  SCON.3      9B
                    94      P1.4    P1.5    P1.6    P1.7        97
                    90      P1.0    P1.1    P1.2    P1.3        93
                    8C      TCON.4  TCON.5  TCON.6  TCON.7      8F
                    88      TCON.0  TCON.1  TCON.2  TCON.3      8B
                    84      P0.4    P0.5    P0.6    P0.7        87
                    80      P0.0    P0.1    P0.2    P0.3        83

                    [...] Indicates Resident in 8052, not 8051

            AS8051 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE K-7
            8051 INSTRUCTION SET

            K.3.9  Predefined Symbols:  Control Bits

                            ---------- 4 BITS ----------
                            ----    ----    ----    ----
                    FC                                          FF
                    F8                                          FB
                    F4                                          F7
                    F0                                          F3
                    EC                                          EF
                    E8                                          EB
                    E4                                          E7
                    E0                                          E3
                    DC                                          DF
                    D8                                          DB
                    D4      RS1     F0      AC      CY          D7
                    D0      P               OV      RS0         D3
                    CC   [  TLCK    RCLK    EXF2    TF2     ]   CF
                    C8   [  CPRL2   CT2     TR2     EXEN2   ]   CB
                    C4                                          C7
                    C0                                          C3
                    BC      PS      PT2                         BF
                    B8      PX0     PT0     PX1     PT1         BB
                    B4                                          B7
                    B0      RXD     TXD     INT0    INT1        B3
                    AC      ES      ET2             EA          AF
                    A8      EX0     ET0     EX1     ET1         AB
                    A4                                          A7
                    A0                                          A3
                    9C      REN     SM2     SM1     SM0         9F
                    98      RI      TI      RB8     TB8         9B
                    94                                          97
                    90                                          93
                    8C      TR0     TF0     TR1     TF1         8F
                    88      IT0     IE0     IT1     IE1         8B
                    84                                          87
                    80                                          83

                    [...] Indicates Resident in 8052, not 8051

                                       APPENDIX L

                                    AS8085 ASSEMBLER

            L.1  8085 REGISTER SET

            The  following  is  a  list  of  the 8080/8085 registers used by
            AS8085:

                    a,b,c,d,e,h,l   -       8-bit accumulators
                    m               -       memory through (hl)
                    sp              -       stack pointer
                    psw             -       status word

            L.2  8085 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following tables list all 8080/8085 mnemonics recognized
            by the AS8085  assembler.   The  following  list  specifies  the
            format for each addressing mode supported by AS8085:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    r,r1,r2         register or register pair
                                    psw,a,b,c,d,e,h,l
                                    bc,de,hl,sp,pc

                    m               memory address using (hl)

                    addr            direct memory addressing

                    label           call or jump label

            The terms data, m, addr, and label may be expressions.

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to  the  8080/8085  technical  data  for  valid
            modes.

            AS8085 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE L-2
            8085 INSTRUCTION SET

            L.2.1  Inherent Instructions

                    cma             cmc
                    daa             di
                    ei              hlt
                    nop             pchl
                    ral             rar
                    ret             rim
                    rrc             rlc
                    sim             sphl
                    stc             xchg
                    xthl

            L.2.2  Register/Memory/Immediate Instructions

                    adc     r       adc     m       aci     #data
                    add     r       add     m       adi     #data
                    ana     r       ana     m       ani     #data
                    cmp     r       cmp     m       cpi     #data
                    ora     r       ora     m       ori     #data
                    sbb     r       sbb     m       sbi     #data
                    sub     r       sub     m       sui     #data
                    xra     r       xra     m       xri     #data

            L.2.3  Call and Return Instructions

                    cc      label           rc
                    cm      label           rm
                    cnc     label           rnc
                    cnz     label           rnz
                    cp      label           rp
                    cpe     label           rpe
                    cpo     label           rpo
                    cz      label           rz
                    call    label

            L.2.4  Jump Instructions

                    jc      label
                    jm      label
                    jnc     label
                    jnz     label
                    jp      label
                    jpe     label
                    jpo     label
                    jz      label
                    jmp     label

            AS8085 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE L-3
            8085 INSTRUCTION SET

            L.2.5  Input/Output/Reset Instructions

                    in      data
                    out     data
                    rst     data

            L.2.6  Move Instructions

                    mov     r1,r2
                    mov     r,m
                    mov     m,r

                    mvi     r,#data
                    mvi     m,#data

            L.2.7  Other Instructions

                    dcr     r               dcr     m
                    inr     r               inr     m

                    dad     r               dcx     r
                    inx     r               ldax    r
                    pop     r               push    r
                    stax    r

                    lda     addr            lhld    addr
                    shld    addr            sta     addr

                    lxi     r,#data

                                       APPENDIX M

                                     ASZ80 ASSEMBLER

            M.1  .hd64 DIRECTIVE

            Format:

                    .hd64

            The  .hd64  directive enables processing of the HD64180 specific
            mnemonics not included in  the  Z80  instruction  set.   HD64180
            mnemonics  encountered  without  the  .hd64  directive  will  be
            flagged with an 'o' error.

            M.2  Z80 REGISTER SET AND CONDITIONS

               The following is a complete list of register designations and
            condition mnemonics:

                    byte registers  -       a,b,c,d,e,h,l,i,r
                    register pairs  -       af,af',bc,de,hl
                    word registers  -       pc,sp,ix,iy

                    C -     carry bit set
                    M -     sign bit set
                    NC -    carry bit clear
                    NZ -    zero bit clear
                    P -     sign bit clear
                    PE -    parity even
                    PO -    parity odd
                    Z -     zero bit set

            ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                         PAGE M-2
            Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

            M.3  Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following  tables  list all Z80/HD64180 mnemonics recog-
            nized by the ASZ80 assembler.  The designation []  refers  to  a
            required addressing mode argument.  The following list specifies
            the format for each addressing mode supported by ASZ80:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    n               byte value

                    rg              a byte register
                                    a,b,c,d,e,h,l

                    rp              a register pair
                                    bc,de,hl

                    (hl)            implied addressing or
                                    register indirect addressing

                    (label)         direct addressing

                    offset(ix)      indexed addressing with
                                    an offset

                    label           call/jmp/jr label

            The  terms  data,  dir,  offset, and ext may all be expressions.
            The terms dir and offset are not allowed to be  external  refer-
            ences.

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to the Z80/HD64180  technical  data  for  valid
            modes.

            ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                         PAGE M-3
            Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

            M.3.1  Inherent Instructions

                    ccf             cpd
                    cpdr            cpi
                    cpir            cpl
                    daa             di
                    ei              exx
                    halt            neg
                    nop             reti
                    retn            rla
                    rlca            rld
                    rra             rrca
                    rrd             scf

            M.3.2  Implicit Operand Instructions

                    adc     a,[]            adc     []
                    add     a,[]            add     []
                    and     a,[]            and     []
                    cp      a,[]            cp      []
                    dec     a,[]            dec     []
                    inc     a,[]            inc     []
                    or      a,[]            or      []
                    rl      a,[]            rl      []
                    rlc     a,[]            rlc     []
                    rr      a,[]            rr      []
                    rrc     a,[]            rrc     []
                    sbc     a,[]            sbc     []
                    sla     a,[]            sla     []
                    sra     a,[]            sra     []
                    srl     a,[]            srl     []
                    sub     a,[]            sub     []
                    xor     a,[]            xor     []

            ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                         PAGE M-4
            Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

            M.3.3  Load Instruction

                    ld      rg,[]           ld      [],rg
                    ld      (bc),a          ld      a,(bc)
                    ld      (de),a          ld      a,(de)
                    ld      (label),a       ld      a,(label)
                    ld      (label),rp      ld      rp,(label)
                    ld      i,a             ld      r,a
                    ld      a,i             ld      a,r
                    ld      sp,hl           ld      sp,ix
                    ld      sp,iy           ld      rp,#data

                    ldd                     lddr
                    ldi                     ldir

            M.3.4  Call/Return Instructions

                    call    C,label         ret     C
                    call    M,label         ret     M
                    call    NC,label        ret     NC
                    call    NZ,label        ret     NZ
                    call    P,label         ret     P
                    call    PE,label        ret     PE
                    call    PO,label        ret     PO
                    call    Z,label         ret     Z
                    call    label           ret

            M.3.5  Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                    jp      C,label         jp      M,label
                    jp      NC,label        jp      NZ,label
                    jp      P,label         jp      PE,label
                    jp      PO,label        jp      Z,label

                    jp      (hl)            jp      (ix)
                    jp      (iy)            jp      label

                    djnz    label

                    jr      C,label         jr      NC,label
                    jr      NZ,label        jr      Z,label
                    jr      label

            ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                         PAGE M-5
            Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

            M.3.6  Bit Manipulation Instructions

                    bit     n,[]
                    res     n,[]
                    set     n,[]

            M.3.7  Interrupt Mode and Reset Instructions

                    im      n
                    im      n
                    im      n
                    rst     n

            M.3.8  Input and Output Instructions

                    in      a,(n)           in      rg,(c)
                    ind                     indr
                    ini                     inir

                    out     (n),a           out     (c),rg
                    outd                    otdr
                    outi                    otir

            M.3.9  Register Pair Instructions

                    add     hl,rp           add     ix,rp
                    add     iy,rp

                    adc     hl,rp           sbc     hl,rp

                    ex      (sp),hl         ex      (sp),ix
                    ex      (sp),iy
                    ex      de,hl
                    ex      af,af'

                    push    rp              pop     rp

            ASZ80 ASSEMBLER                                         PAGE M-6
            Z80 INSTRUCTION SET

            M.3.10  HD64180 Specific Instructions

                    in0     rg,(n)
                    out0    (n),rg

                    otdm                    otdmr
                    otim                    otimr

                    mlt     bc              mlt     de
                    mlt     hl              mlt     sp

                    slp

                    tst     a
                    tstio   #data

                                       APPENDIX N

                                    AS6500 ASSEMBLER

            N.1  ACKNOWLEDGMENT

               Thanks  to  Marko  Makela  for his contribution of the AS6500
            cross assembler.

                    Marko Makela
                    Sillitie 10 A
                    01480 Vantaa
                    Finland
                    Internet: Marko.Makela@Helsinki.Fi
                    EARN/BitNet: msmakela@finuh

               Several  additions and modifications were made to his code to
            support the following families of 6500 processors:

                    (1)     650X and 651X processor family
                    (2)     65F11 and 65F12 processor family
                    (3)     65C00/21 and 65C29 processor family
                    (4)     65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 processor family

               The  instruction  syntax of this cross assembler contains two
            peculiarities:  (1) the addressing indirection is denoted by the
            square  brackets  []  and (2) the `bbrx' and `bbsx' instructions
            are written `bbr0 memory,label'.

            AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE N-2
            6500 REGISTER SET

            N.2  6500 REGISTER SET

            The following is a list of the 6500 registers used by AS6500:

                    a       -       8-bit accumulator
                    x,y     -       index registers

            N.3  6500 INSTRUCTION SET

               The  following  tables  list all 6500 family mnemonics recog-
            nized by the AS6500 assembler.  The designation [] refers  to  a
            required addressing mode argument.  The following list specifies
            the format for each addressing mode supported by AS6500:

                    #data           immediate data
                                    byte or word data

                    *dir            direct page addressing
                                    (see .setdp directive)
                                    0 <= dir <= 255

                    offset,x        indexed addressing
                    offset,y        indexed addressing
                                    address = (offset + (x or y))

                    [offset,x]      pre-indexed indirect addressing
                                    0 <= offset <= 255
                                    address = contents of location
                                        (offset + (x or y)) mod 256

                    [offset],y      post-indexed indirect addressing
                                    address = contents of location at offset
                                        plus the value of the y register

                    [address]       indirect addressing

                    ext             extended addressing

                    label           branch label

                    address,label   direct page memory location
                                    branch label
                                    bbrx and bbsx instruction addressing

            The  terms data, dir, offset, address, ext, and label may all be
            expressions.

               Note  that  not all addressing modes are valid with every in-
            struction, refer to the 65xx technical data for valid modes.

            AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE N-3
            6500 INSTRUCTION SET

            N.3.1  Processor Specific Directives

               The  AS6500  cross  assembler has four (4) processor specific
            assembler directives which  define  the  target  65xx  processor
            family:

                    .r6500          Core 650X and 651X family (default)
                    .r65f11         Core plus 65F11 and 65F12
                    .r65c00         Core plus 65C00/21 and 65C29
                    .r65c02         Core plus 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112

            N.3.2  65xx Core Inherent Instructions

                    brk                     clc
                    cld                     cli
                    clv                     dex
                    dey                     inx
                    iny                     nop
                    pha                     php
                    pla                     plp
                    rti                     rts
                    sec                     sed
                    sei                     tax
                    tay                     tsx
                    txa                     txs
                    tya

            N.3.3  65xx Core Branch Instructions

                    bcc     label           bhs     label
                    bcs     label           blo     label
                    beq     label           bmi     label
                    bne     label           bpl     label
                    bvc     label           bvs     label

            N.3.4  65xx Core Single Operand Instructions

                    asl     []
                    dec     []
                    inc     []
                    lsr     []
                    rol     []
                    ror     []

            AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE N-4
            6500 INSTRUCTION SET

            N.3.5  65xx Core Double Operand Instructions

                    adc     []
                    and     []
                    bit     []
                    cmp     []
                    eor     []
                    lda     []
                    ora     []
                    sbc     []
                    sta     []

            N.3.6  65xx Core Jump and Jump to Subroutine Instructions

                    jmp     []              jsr     []

            N.3.7  65xx Core Miscellaneous X and Y Register Instructions

                    cpx     []
                    cpy     []
                    ldx     []
                    stx     []
                    ldy     []
                    sty     []

            AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE N-5
            6500 INSTRUCTION SET

            N.3.8  65F11 and 65F12 Specific Instructions

                    bbr0    [],label                bbr1    [],label
                    bbr2    [],label                bbr3    [],label
                    bbr4    [],label                bbr5    [],label
                    bbr6    [],label                bbr7    [],label

                    bbs0    [],label                bbs1    [],label
                    bbs2    [],label                bbs3    [],label
                    bbs4    [],label                bbs5    [],label
                    bbs6    [],label                bbs7    [],label

                    rmb0    []                      rmb1    []
                    rmb2    []                      rmb3    []
                    rmb4    []                      rmb5    []
                    rmb6    []                      rmb7    []

                    smb0    []                      smb1    []
                    smb2    []                      smb3    []
                    smb4    []                      smb5    []
                    smb6    []                      smb7    []

            N.3.9  65C00/21 and 65C29 Specific Instructions

                    bbr0    [],label                bbr1    [],label
                    bbr2    [],label                bbr3    [],label
                    bbr4    [],label                bbr5    [],label
                    bbr6    [],label                bbr7    [],label

                    bbs0    [],label                bbs1    [],label
                    bbs2    [],label                bbs3    [],label
                    bbs4    [],label                bbs5    [],label
                    bbs6    [],label                bbs7    [],label

                    bra     label

                    phx                             phy
                    plx                             ply

                    rmb0    []                      rmb1    []
                    rmb2    []                      rmb3    []
                    rmb4    []                      rmb5    []
                    rmb6    []                      rmb7    []

                    smb0    []                      smb1    []
                    smb2    []                      smb3    []
                    smb4    []                      smb5    []
                    smb6    []                      smb7    []

            AS6500 ASSEMBLER                                        PAGE N-6
            6500 INSTRUCTION SET

            N.3.10  65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 Specific Instructions

                    bbr0    [],label                bbr1    [],label
                    bbr2    [],label                bbr3    [],label
                    bbr4    [],label                bbr5    [],label
                    bbr6    [],label                bbr7    [],label

                    bbs0    [],label                bbs1    [],label
                    bbs2    [],label                bbs3    [],label
                    bbs4    [],label                bbs5    [],label
                    bbs6    [],label                bbs7    [],label

                    bra     label

                    phx                             phy
                    plx                             ply

                    rmb0    []                      rmb1    []
                    rmb2    []                      rmb3    []
                    rmb4    []                      rmb5    []
                    rmb6    []                      rmb7    []

                    smb0    []                      smb1    []
                    smb2    []                      smb3    []
                    smb4    []                      smb5    []
                    smb6    []                      smb7    []

                    stz     []
                    trb     []
                    tsb     []

               Additional  addressing  modes for the following core instruc-
            tions are also available with the 65C02, 65C102, and 65C112 pro-
            cessors.

                    adc     []                      and     []
                    cmp     []                      eor     []
                    lda     []                      ora     []
                    sbc     []                      sta     []

                    bit     []                      jmp     []

                    dec                             inc

... Home Page