INDEX

LINEAR _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

An operator can be declared linear in its first argument over powers of its second argument by the declaration linear.

### syntax:

linear<operator>{,<operator>}*

<operator> must have been declared to be an operator. Be careful not to use a system operator name, because this command may change its definition. The operator being declared must have at least two arguments, and the second one must be a kernel.

### examples:

    operator f;

    linear f;

    f(0,x);

      0

    f(-y,x);

      - F(1,X)*Y

    f(y+z,x);

      F(1,X)*(Y + Z)

    f(y*z,x);

      F(1,X)*Y*Z

    depend z,x;

    f(y*z,x);

      F(Z,X)*Y

    f(y/z,x);

        1
      F(-,X)*Y
        Z

    depend y,x;

    f(y/z,x);

        Y
      F(-,X)
        Z

    nodepend z,x;

    f(y/z,x);

      F(Y,X)
      ------
        Z

    f(2*e**sin(x),x);

           SIN(X)
      2*F(E      ,X)

Even when the operator has not had its functionality attached, it exhibits linear properties as shown in the examples. Notice the difference when dependencies are added. Dependencies are also in effect when the operator's first argument contains its second, as in the last line above.

For a fully-developed example of the use of linear operators, refer to the article in the <Journal of Computational Physics>, Vol. 14 (1974), pp. 301-317, ``Analytic Computation of Some Integrals in Fourth Order Quantum Electrodynamics," by J.A. Fox and A.C. Hearn. The article includes the complete listing of REDUCE procedures used for this work.

LINELENGTH

INDEX

LINELENGTH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The linelength declaration sets the length of the output line. Default is 80.

### syntax:

linelength<expression>

To change the linelength, <expression> must evaluate to a positive integer less than 128 (although this varies from system to system), and should not be less than 20 or so for proper operation.

linelengthreturns the previous linelength. If you want the current linelength value, but not change it, say linelength nil.

LISP

INDEX

LISP _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

The lisp command changes REDUCE's mode of operation to symbolic. When lisp is followed by an expression, that expression is evaluated in symbolic mode, but REDUCE's mode is not changed. This command is equivalent to symbolic.

### examples:

    lisp;

      NIL

    car '(a b c d e);

      A

    algebraic;

    c := (lisp car '(first second))**2;

                2
      C := FIRST

LISTARGP

INDEX

LISTARGP _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

### syntax:

listargp<operator>{,<operator>}*

If an operator other than those specifically defined for lists is given a single argument that is a list, then the result of this operation will be a list in which that operator is applied to each element of the list. This process can be inhibited for a specific operator, or list of operators, by using the declaration listargp.

### examples:

    log {a,b,c};

      LOG(A),LOG(B),LOG(C)

    listargp log;

    log {a,b,c};

      LOG(A,B,C)

It is possible to inhibit such distribution globally by turning on the switch listargs. In addition, if an operator has mor e than one argument, no such distribution occurs, so listargp has no effect.

NODEPEND

INDEX

NODEPEND _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The nodepend declaration removes the dependency declared with depend.

### syntax:

nodepend<dep-kernel>{,<kernel>}+

<dep-kernel> must be a kernel that has had a dependency declared upon the one or more other kernels that are its other arguments.

### examples:

    depend y,x,z;

    df(sin y,x);

      COS(Y)*DF(Y,X)

    df(sin y,x,z);

      COS(Y)*DF(Y,X,Z) - DF(Y,X)*DF(Y,Z)*SIN(Y)

    nodepend y,z;

    df(sin y,x);

      COS(Y)*DF(Y,X)

    df(sin y,x,z);

      0

A warning message is printed if the dependency had not been declar ed by depend.

MATCH

INDEX

MATCH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

The match command is similar to the let command, except that it matches only explicit powers in substitution.

### syntax:

match<expr> = <expression>{,<expr> =<expression>}*

<expr> is generally a term involving powers, and is limited by the rules for the let command. <expression> may be any valid REDUCE scalar expression.

### examples:

    match c**2*a**2 = d;
    (a+c)**4;

       4       3          3    4
      A   + 4*A *C + 4*A*C  + C  + 6*D

    match a+b = c;

    a + 2*b;

      B + C

    (a + b + c)**2;

       2     2               2
      A   - B   + 2*B*C + 3*C

    clear a+b;

    (a + b + c)**2;

        2                    2            2
      A   + 2*A*B + 2*A*C + B  + 2*B*C + C

    let p*r = s;

    match p*q = ss;

    (a + p*r)**2;

       2            2
      A  + 2*A*S + S

    (a + p*q)**2;

       2              2  2
      A   + 2*A*SS + P *Q

Note in the last example that a + b has been explicitly m atched after the squaring was done, replacing each single power of a by c - b. This kind of substitution, although following the rules, is confusing and could lead to unrecognizable results. It is better to use match with explicit powers or products only. match should not be used inside procedures for the same reasons that let should not be.

Unlike let substitutions, match substitutio ns are executed after all other operations are complete. The last example shows the difference. match commands can be cleared by using clear, with exactly the expression that the original match took. match commands can also be done more generally with for all or forall...such that commands.

NONCOM

INDEX

NONCOM _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

noncomdeclares that already-declared operators are noncommutative under multiplication.

### syntax:

noncom<operator>{,<operator>}*

<operator> must have been declared an operator, or a warning message is given.

### examples:

    operator f,h;

    noncom f;

    f(a)*f(b) - f(b)*f(a);

      F(A)*F(B) - F(B)*F(A)

    h(a)*h(b) - h(b)*h(a);

      0

    operator comm;

    for all x,y such that x neq y and ordp(x,y)
            let f(x)*f(y) = f(y)*f(x) + comm(x,y);

    f(1)*f(2);

      F(1)*F(2)

    f(2)*f(1);

      COMM(2,1) + F(1)*F(2)

The last example introduces the commutator of f(x) and f(y) for all x and y. The equality check is to prevent an infinite loop. The operator f can have other functionality attached to it if desired, or it can remain an indeterminate operator.

NONZERO

INDEX

NONZERO _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

### syntax:

nonzero<identifier>{,<identifier>}*

If an operator f is declared odd, then f(0) is replaced by zero unless f is also declared non zero by the declaration nonzero.

### examples:

            odd f;

            f(0)

      0

            nonzero f;

            f(0)

      F(0)

ODD

INDEX

ODD _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

### syntax:

odd<identifier>{,<identifier>}*

This declaration is used to declare an operator odd in its first argument. Expressions involving an operator declared in this manner are transformed if the first argument contains a minus sign. Any other arguments are not affected.

### examples:

            odd f;

            f(-a)

      -F(A)

            f(-a,-b)

      -F(A,-B)

            f(a,-b)

      F(A,-B)

If say f is declared odd, then f(0) is replaced by zero unless f is also declared non zero by the declaration nonzero.

OFF

INDEX

OFF _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

The off command is used to turn switches off.

### syntax:

off<switch>{,<switch>}*

<switch> can be any switch name. There is no problem if the switch is already off. If the switch name is mistyped, an error message is given.

ON

INDEX

ON _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

The on command is used to turn switches on.

### syntax:

on<switch>{,<switch>}*

<switch> can be any switch name. There is no problem if the switch is already on. If the switch name is mistyped, an error message is given.

OPERATOR

INDEX

OPERATOR _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

Use the operator declaration to declare your own operators.

### syntax:

operator<identifier>{,<identifier>}*

<identifier> can be any valid REDUCE identifier, which is not the name of a matrix, array, scalar variable or previously-defined operator.

### examples:

    operator dis,fac;

    let dis(~x,~y) = sqrt(x^2 + y^2);

    dis(1,2);

      SQRT(5)

    dis(a,10);

            2
      SQRT(A  + 100)

    on rounded;

    dis(1.5,7.2);

      7.35459040329

    let fac(~n) = if n=0 then 1
                   else if not(fixp n and n>0)
                    then rederr "choose non-negative integer"
                   else for i := 1:n product i;

    fac(5);

      120

    fac(-2);

      ***** choose non-negative integer

The first operator is the Euclidean distance metric, the distance of point (x,y) from the origin. The second operator is the factorial.

Operators can have various properties assigned to them; they can be declared infix, linear, symmetric, antisymmetric, or noncom mutative. The default operator is prefix, nonlinear, and commutative. Precedence can also be assigned to operators using the declaration precedence.

Functionality is assigned to an operator by a let statement or a forall...let statement, (or possibly by a procedure with the name of the operator). Be careful not to redefine a system operator by accident. REDUCE permits you to redefine system operators, giving you a warning message that the operator was already defined. This flexibility allows you to add mathematical rules that do what you want them to do, but can produce odd or erroneous behavior if you are not careful.

You can declare operators from inside procedures, as long as they are not local variables. Operators defined inside procedures are global. A formal parameter may be declared as an operator, and has the effect of declaring the calling variable as the operator.

ORDER

INDEX

ORDER _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The order declaration changes the order of precedence of kernels for display purposes only.

### syntax:

order<identifier>{,<identifier>}*

<kernel> must be a valid kernel or operator name complete with argument or a list of such objects.

### examples:

    x + y + z + cos(a);

      COS(A) + X + Y + Z

    order z,y,x,cos(a);

    x + y + z + cos(a);

      Z + Y + X + COS(A)

    (x + y)**2;

       2            2
      Y  + 2*Y*X + X

    order nil;

    (z + cos(z))**2;

            2                 2
      COS(Z)  + 2*COS(Z)*Z + Z

orderaffects the printing order of the identifiers only; internal order is unchanged. Change internal order of evaluation with the declaration korder. You can use order to feature variables or functions you are particularly interested in.

Declarations made with order are cumulative: kernels in new order declarations are ordered behind those in previous declarations, and previous declarations retain their relative order. Of course, specific kernels named in new declarations are removed from previous ones and given the new priority. Return to the standard canonical printing order with the statement order nil.

The print order specified by order commands is not in effect if the switch pri is off.

PRECEDENCE

INDEX

PRECEDENCE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The precedence declaration attaches a precedence to an infix operator.

### syntax:

precedence<operator>,<known\_operator>

<operator> should have been declared an operator but may be a REDUCE identifier that is not already an operator, array, or matrix. <known\_operator> must be a system infix operator or have had its precedence already declared.

### examples:

    operator f,h;

    precedence f,+;

    precedence h,*;

    a + f(1,2)*c;

      (1 F 2)*C + A

    a + h(1,2)*c;

      1 H 2*C + A

    a*1 f 2*c;

      A F 2*C

    a*1 h 2*c;

      1 H 2*A*C

The operator whose precedence is being declared is inserted into t he infix operator precedence list at the next higher place than <known\_operator>.

Attaching a precedence to an operator has the side effect of declaring the operator to be infix. If the identifier argument for precedence has not been declared to be an operator, an attempt to use it causes an error message. After declaring it to be an operator, it becomes an infix operator with the precedence previously given. Infix operators may be used in prefix form; if they are used in infix form, a space must be left on each side of the operator to avoid ambiguity. Declared infix operators are always binary.

To see the infix operator precedence list, enter symbolic mode and type preclis!*;. The lowest precedence operator is listed first.

All prefix operators have precedence higher than infix operators.

PRECISION

INDEX

PRECISION _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The precision declaration sets the number of decimal places used when rounded is on. Default is system dependent, a nd normally about 12.

### syntax:

precision(<integer>) or precision <integer>

<integer> must be a positive integer. When <integer> is 0, the current precision is displayed, but not changed. There is no upper limit, but precision of greater than several hundred causes unpleasantly slow operation on numeric calculations.

### examples:

    on rounded;

    7/9;

      0.777777777778

    precision 20;

      20

    7/9;

      0.77777777777777777778

    sin(pi/4);

      0.7071067811865475244

Trailing zeroes are dropped, so sometimes fewer than 20 decimal pl aces are printed as in the last example. Turn on the switch fullprec if you want to print all significant digits. The rounded mode carries calculations to two more places than given by precision, and rounds off.

PRINT_PRECISION

INDEX

PRINT\_PRECISION _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

### syntax:

print_precision(<integer>) or print_precision <integer>

In rounded mode, numbers are normally printed to the specified precision. If the user wishes to print such numbers with less precision, the printing precision can be set by the declaration print_precision.

### examples:

    on rounded;

    1/3;

      0.333333333333

    print_precision 5;

    1/3

      0.33333

REAL

INDEX

REAL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The real declaration must be made immediately after a begin (or other variable declaration such as integer and scalar) and declares local integer variables. They are initialized to zero.

### syntax:

real<identifier>{,<identifier>}*

<identifier> may be any valid REDUCE identifier, except t or nil.

Real variables remain local, and do not share values with variables of the same name outside the begin...end block. When the block is finished, the variables are removed. You may use the words integer or scalar in the place of real. real does not indicate typechecking by the current REDUCE; it is only for your own information. Declaration statements must immediately follow the begin, without a semicolon between begin and the first variable declaration.

Any variables used inside a begin...end block that were not declared scalar, real or integer are global, and any change made to them inside the block affects their global value. Any array or matrix declared inside a block is always global.

REMFAC

INDEX

REMFAC _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The remfac declaration removes the special factoring treatment of its arguments that was declared with factor.

### syntax:

remfac<kernel>{,<kernel>}+

<kernel> must be a kernel or operator name that was declared as special with the factor declaration.

SCALAR

INDEX

SCALAR _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The scalar declaration must be made immediately after a begin (or other variable declaration such as integer and real) and declares local scalar variables. Th ey are initialized to 0.

### syntax:

scalar<identifier>{,<identifier>}*

<identifier> may be any valid REDUCE identifier, except t or nil.

Scalar variables remain local, and do not share values with variables of the same name outside the begin...end block. When the block is finished, the variables are removed. You may use the words real or integer in the place of scalar. real and integer do not indicate typechecking by the current REDUCE; they are only for your own information. Declaration statements must immediately follow the begin, without a semicolon between begin and the first variable declaration.

Any variables used inside begin...end blocks that were not declared scalar, real or integer are global, and any change made to them inside the block affects their global value. Arrays declared inside a block are always global.

SCIENTIFIC_NOTATION

INDEX

SCIENTIFIC\_NOTATION _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

### syntax:

scientific_notation(<m>) or scientific_notation({<m>,<n>})

<m> and <n> are positive integers. scientific_notation controls the output format of floating point numbers. At the default settings, any number with five or less digits before the decimal point is printed in a fixed-point notation, e.g., 12345.6. Numbers with more than five digits are printed in scientific notation, e.g., 1.234567E+5. Similarly, by default, any number with eleven or more zeros after the decimal point is printed in scientific notation.

When scientific_notation is called with the numerical argument m a number with more than m digits before the decimal point, or m or more zeros after the decimal point, is printed in scientific notation. When scientific_notation is called with a list {<m>,<n>}, a number with more than m digits before the decimal point, or n or more zeros after the decimal point is printed in scientific notation.

### examples:

    on rounded;

    12345.6;

      12345.6

    123456.5;

      1.234565e+5

    0.00000000000000012;

      1.2e-16

    scientific_notation 20;

      5,11

    5: 123456.7;

      123456.7

    0.00000000000000012;

      0.00000000000000012

SHARE

INDEX

SHARE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The share declaration allows access to its arguments by both algebraic and symbolic modes.

### syntax:

share<identifier>{,<identifier>}*

<identifier> can be any valid REDUCE identifier.

Programming in symbolic as well as algebraic mode allows you a wider range of techniques than just algebraic mode alone. Expressions do not cross the boundary since they have different representations, unless the share declaration is used. For more information on using symbolic mode, see the <REDUCE User's Manual>, and the <Standard Lisp Report>.

You should be aware that a previously-declared array is destroyed by the share declaration. Scalar variables retain their values. You can share a declared matrix that has not yet been dimensioned so that it can be used by both modes. Values that are later put into the matrix are accessible from symbolic mode too, but not by the usual matrix reference mechanism. In symbolic mode, a matrix is stored as a list whose first element is MAT, and whose next elements are the rows of the matrix stored as lists of the individual elements. Access in symbolic mode is by the operators first, second, third and rest.

SYMBOLIC

INDEX

SYMBOLIC _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

The symbolic command changes REDUCE's mode of operation to symbolic. When symbolic is followed by an expression, that expression is evaluated in symbolic mode, but REDUCE's mode is not changed. It is equivalent to the lisp command.

### examples:

    symbolic;

      NIL

    cdr '(a b c);

      (B C)

    algebraic;

    x + symbolic car '(y z);

      X + Y

SYMMETRIC

INDEX

SYMMETRIC _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

When an operator is declared symmetric, its arguments are reordered to conform to the internal ordering of the system.

### syntax:

symmetric<identifier>{,<identifier>}*

<identifier> is an identifier that has been declared an operator.

### examples:

    operator m,n;

    symmetric m,n;

    m(y,a,sin(x));

      M(SIN(X),A,Y)

    n(z,m(b,a,q));

      N(M(A,B,Q),Z)

If <identifier> has not been declared to be an operator, the flag symmetric is still attached to it. When <identifier> is subsequently used as an operator, the message Declare<identifier> operator ? (Y or N) is printed. If the user replies y, the symmetric property of the operator is used.

TR

INDEX

TR _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The tr declaration is used to trace system or user-written procedures. It is only useful to those with a good knowledge of both Lisp and the internal formats used by REDUCE.

### syntax:

tr<name>{,<name>}*

<name> is the name of a REDUCE system procedure or one of your own procedures.

### examples:

The system procedure prepsq is traced, which prepares REDUCE standard forms for printing by converting them to a Lisp prefix form.

    tr prepsq;

      (PREPSQ)

    x**2 + y;

      PREPSQ entry:
        Arg 1: (((((X . 2) . 1) ((Y . 1) . 1)) . 1)
      PREPSQ return value = (PLUS (EXPT X 2) Y)
      PREPSQ entry:
        Arg 1: (1 . 1)
      PREPSQ return value = 1
       2
      X  + Y

    untr prepsq;

      (PREPSQ)

This example is for a PSL-based system; the above format will vary if other Lisp systems are used.

When a procedure is traced, the first lines show entry to the procedure and the arguments it is given. The value returned by the procedure is printed upon exit. If you are tracing several procedures, with a call to one of them inside the other, the inner trace will be indented showing procedure nesting. There are no trace options. However, the format of the trace depends on the underlying Lisp system used. The trace can be removed with the command untr. Note that trace, below, is a m atrix operator, while tr does procedure tracing.

UNTR

INDEX

UNTR _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The untr declaration is used to remove a trace from system or user-written procedures declared with tr. It is only useful to those with a good knowledge of both Lisp and the internal formats used by REDUCE.

### syntax:

untr<name>{,<name>}*

<name> is the name of a REDUCE system procedure or one of your own procedures that has previously been the argument of a tr declaration.

VARNAME

INDEX

VARNAME _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ declaration

The declaration varname instructs REDUCE to use its argument as the default Fortran (when fort is on) or structr identifier and identifier stem, rather than using ANS.

### syntax:

varname<identifier>

<identifier> can be any combination of one or more alphanumeric characters. Try to avoid REDUCE reserved words.

### examples:

    varname ident;

      IDENT

    on fort;

    x**2 + 1;

      IDENT=X**2+1.

    off fort,exp;

    structr(((x+y)**2 + z)**3);

            3
      IDENT2
          where
                             2
             IDENT2 := IDENT1  + Z
      IDENT1 := X + Y

expwas turned off so that structr could show the structure. If exp had been on, the expression would have been expanded into a polynomial.

WEIGHT

INDEX

WEIGHT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

The weight command is used to attach weights to kernels for asymptotic constraints.

### syntax:

weight<kernel> =<number>

<kernel> must be a REDUCE kernel, <number> must be a positive integer, not 0.

### examples:

    a := (x+y)**4;

            4      3        2  2        3    4
      A := X  + 4*X *Y + 6*X *Y  + 4*X*Y  + Y

    weight x=2,y=3;

    wtlevel 8;

    a;

       4
      X

    wtlevel 10;

    a;

       2     2             2
      X *(6*Y  + 4*X*Y  + X )

    int(x**2,x);

      ***** X invalid as KERNEL

Weights and wtlevel are used for asymptotic constraints, where higher-order terms are considered insignificant.

Weights are originally equivalent to 0 until set by a weight command. To remove a weight from a kernel, use the clear command. Weights once assigned cannot be changed without clearing the identifier. Once a weight is assigned to a kernel, it is no longer a kernel and cannot be used in any REDUCE commands or operators that require kernels, until the weight is cleared. Note that terms are ordered by greatest weight.

The weight level of the system is set by wtlevel, initially at 2. Since no kernels have weights, no effect from wtlevel can be seen. Once you assign weights to kernels, you must set wtlevel correctly for the desired operation. When weighted variables appear in a term, their weights are summed for the total weight of the term (powers of variables multiply their weights). When a term exceeds the weight level of the system, it is discarded from the result expression.

WHERE

INDEX

WHERE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

The where operator provides an infix notation for one-time substitutions for kernels in expressions.

### syntax:

<expression> where <kernel> =<expression> {,<kernel> =<expression>}*

<expression> can be any REDUCE scalar expression, <kernel> must be a kernel. Alternatively a rule or a rule list can be a member of the right-hand part of a where expression.

### examples:

    x**2 + 17*x*y + 4*y**2 where x=1,y=2;

      51

    for i := 1:5 collect x**i*q where q= for j := 1:i product j;

            2    3     4      5
      {X,2*X ,6*X ,24*X ,120*X }

    x**2 + y + z where z=y**3,y=3;

       2    3
      X  + Y  + 3

Substitution inside a where expression has no effect upon the values of the kernels outside the expression. The where operator has the lowest precedence of all the infix operators, which are lower than prefix operators, so that the substitutions apply to the entire expression preceding the where operator. However, where is applied before command keywords such as then, repeat, or do.

A rule or a rule set in the right-hand part of the where expression act as if the rules were activated by let immediately before the evaluation of the expression and deactivated by clearrules immediately afterwards.

wheregives you a natural notation for auxiliary variables in expressions. As the second example shows, the substitute expression can be a command to be evaluated. The substitute assignments are made in parallel, rather than sequentially, as the last example shows. The expression resulting from the first round of substitutions is not reexamined to see if any further such substitutions can be made. where can also be used to define auxiliary variables in procedure definitions.

WHILE

INDEX

WHILE _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

The while command causes a statement to be repeatedly executed until a given condition is true. If the condition is initially false, the statement is not executed at all.

### syntax:

while<condition> do <statement>

<condition> is given by a logical operator, <statement> must be a single REDUCE statement, or a group (<<...>>) or begin...end block.

### examples:

    a := 10;

      A := 10

    while a <= 12 do <<write a; a := a + 1>>;

      10

                                              11

                                              12

    while a < 5 do <<write a; a := a + 1>>;

          nothing is printed

WTLEVEL

INDEX

WTLEVEL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

In conjunction with weight, wtlevel is used to implement asymptotic constraints. Its default value is 2.

### syntax:

wtlevel<expression>

To change the weight level, <expression> must evaluate to a positive integer that is the greatest weight term to be retained in expressions involving kernels with weight assignments. wtlevel returns the new weight level. If you want the current weight level, but not change it, say wtlevel nil.

### examples:

    (x+y)**4;

       4      3        2  2        3    4
      X  + 4*X *Y + 6*X *Y  + 4*X*Y  + Y

    weight x=2,y=3;

    wtlevel 8;

    (x+y)**4;

       4
      X

    wtlevel 10;

    (x+y)**4;

       2     2            2
      X *(6*Y  + 4*X*Y + X )

    int(x**2,x);

      ***** X invalid as KERNEL

wtlevelis used in conjunction with the command weight to enable asymptotic constraints. Weight of a term is computed by multiplying the weights of each variable in it by the power to which it has been raised, and adding the resulting weights for each variable. If the weight of the term is greater than wtlevel, the term is dropped from the expression, and not used in any further computation involving the expression.

Once a weight has been attached to a kernel, it is no longer recognized by the system as a kernel, though still a variable. It cannot be used in REDUCE commands and operators that need kernels. The weight attachment can be undone with a clear command. wtlevel can be changed as desired.

Declarations

INDEX

Declarations

- ALGEBRAIC command

- ANTISYMMETRIC declaration

- ARRAY declaration

- CLEAR command

- CLEARRULES command

- DEFINE command

- DEPEND declaration

- EVEN declaration

- FACTOR declaration

- FORALL command

- INFIX declaration

- INTEGER declaration

- KORDER declaration

- LET command

- LINEAR declaration

- LINELENGTH declaration

- LISP command

- LISTARGP declaration

- NODEPEND declaration

- MATCH command

- NONCOM declaration

- NONZERO declaration

- ODD declaration

- OFF command

- ON command

- OPERATOR declaration

- ORDER declaration

- PRECEDENCE declaration

- PRECISION declaration

- PRINT\_PRECISION declaration

- REAL declaration

- REMFAC declaration

- SCALAR declaration

- SCIENTIFIC\_NOTATION declaration

- SHARE declaration

- SYMBOLIC command

- SYMMETRIC declaration

- TR declaration

- UNTR declaration

- VARNAME declaration

- WEIGHT command

- WHERE operator

- WHILE command

- WTLEVEL command

  IN

  INDEX

  IN _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

  The in command takes a list of file names and inputs each file into the system.

  ### syntax:

  in<filename>{,<filename>}*

  <filename> must be in the current directory, or be a valid pathname. If the file name is not an identifier, double quote marks (") are needed around the file name.

  A message is given if the file cannot be found, or has a mistake in it.

  Ending the command with a semicolon causes the file to be echoed to the screen; ending it with a dollar sign does not echo the file. If you want some but not all of a file echoed, turn the switch echo on or off in the file.

  An efficient way to develop procedures in REDUCE is to write them into a file using a system editor of your choice, and then input the files into an active REDUCE session. REDUCE reparses the procedure as it takes information from the file, overwriting the previous procedure definition. When it accepts the procedure, it echoes its name to the screen. Data can also be input to the system from files.

  Files to be read in should always end in end ; to avoid end-of-file problems. Note that this is an additional end; to any ending procedures in the file.

  INPUT

  INDEX

  INPUT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

  The input command returns the input expression to the REDUCE numbered prompt that is its argument.

  ### syntax:

  input(<number>) or input <number>

  <number> must be between 1 and the current REDUCE prompt number.

  An expression brought back by input can be reexecuted with new values or switch settings, or used as an argument in another expression. The command ws brings back the results of a numbered REDU CE statement. Two lists contain every input and every output statement since the beginning of the session. If your session is very long, storage space begins to fill up with these expressions, so it is a good idea to end the session once in a while, saving needed expressions to files with the saveas and out commands.

  Switch settings and let statements can also be reexecuted by usin g input.

  An error message is given if a number is called for that has not yet been used.

  OUT

  INDEX

  OUT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

  The out command directs output to the filename that is its argument, until another out changes the output file, or shut closes it.

  ### syntax:

  out<filename> or out "<pathname> " or out t

  <filename> must be in the current directory, or be a valid complete file description for your system. If the file name is not in the current directory, quote marks are needed around the file name. If the file already exists, a message is printed allowing you to decide whether to supersede the contents of the file with new material.

  To restore output to the terminal, type out t, or shut the file. When you use out t, the file remains available, and if you open it again (with another out), new material is appended rather than overwriting.

  To write a file using out that can be input at a later time, the switch nat must be turned off, so that the standard linear form is saved that can be read in by in. If nat is on, exponents are printed on the line above the expression, which causes trouble when REDUCE tries to read the file.

  There is a slight complication if you are using the out command from inside a file to create another file. The echo switch is normally off at the top-level and on while reading files (so you can see what is being read in). If you create a file using out at the top-level, the result lines are printed into the file as you want them. But if you create such a file from inside a file, the echo switch is on, and every line is echoed, first as you typed it, then as REDUCE parsed it, and then once more for the file. Therefore, when you create a file from a file, you need to turn echo off explicitly before the out command, and turn it back on when you shut the created file, so your executing file echoes as it should. This behavior also means that as you watch the file execute, you cannot see the lines that are being put into the out file. As soon as you turn echo on, you can see output again.

  SHUT

  INDEX

  SHUT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ command

  The shut command closes output files.

  ### syntax:

  shut<filename>{,<filename>}*

  <filename> must have been a file opened by out.

  A file that has been opened by out must be shut before it is brought in by in. Files that have been opened by out should always be shut before the end of the REDUCE session, to avoid either loss of information or the printing of extraneous information into the file. In most systems, terminating a session by bye closes all open output files.

  Input and Output

  INDEX

  Input and Output

- IN command

- INPUT command

- OUT command

- SHUT command

  ACOS

  INDEX

  ACOS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  The acos operator returns the arccosine of its argument.

  ### syntax:

  acos(<expression>) or acos <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name.

  ### examples:

      acos(ab);

        ACOS(AB)

      acos 15;

        ACOS(15)

      df(acos(x*y),x);

                 2  2
        SQRT( - X *Y  + 1)*Y
        --------------------
              2  2
             X *Y  - 1

      on rounded;

      res := acos(sqrt(2)/2);

        RES := 0.785398163397

      res-pi/4;

        0

  An explicit numeric value is not given unless the switch rounded is on and the argument has an absolute numeric value less than or equal to 1.

  ACOSH

  INDEX

  ACOSH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  acoshrepresents the hyperbolic arccosine of its argument. It takes an arbitrary scalar expression as its argument. The derivative of acosh is known to the system. Numerical values may also be found by turning on the switch rounded.

  ### syntax:

  acosh(<expression>) or acosh <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name.

  ### examples:

      acosh a;

        ACOSH(A)

      acosh(0);

        ACOSH(0)

      df(acosh(a**2),a);

                4
        2*SQRT(A  - 1)*A
        ----------------
              4
             A  - 1

      int(acosh(x),x);

        INT(ACOSH(X),X)

  You may attach functionality by defining acosh to be the inverse of cosh. This is done by the commands

              put('cosh,'inverse,'acosh);
              put('acosh,'inverse,'cosh);

  You can write a procedure to attach integrals or other functions to acosh. You may wish to add a check to see that its argument is properly restricted.

  ACOT

  INDEX

  ACOT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  acotrepresents the arccotangent of its argument. It takes an arbitrary scalar expression as its argument. The derivative of acot is known to the system. Numerical values may also be found by turning on the switch rounded.

  ### syntax:

  acot(<expression>) or acot <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name. You can add functionality yourself with let and procedures.

  ACOTH

  INDEX

  ACOTH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  acothrepresents the inverse hyperbolic cotangent of its argument. It takes an arbitrary scalar expression as its argument. The derivative of acoth is known to the system. Numerical values may also be found by turning on the switch rounded.

  ### syntax:

  acoth(<expression>) or acoth <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name. You can add functionality yourself with let and procedures.

  ACSC

  INDEX

  ACSC _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  The acsc operator returns the arccosecant of its argument.

  ### syntax:

  acsc(<expression>) or acsc <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name.

  ### examples:

      acsc(ab);

        ACSC(AB)

      acsc 15;

        ACSC(15)

      df(acsc(x*y),x);

               2  2
        -SQRT(X *Y  - 1)
        ----------------
             2  2
         X*(X *Y  - 1)

      on rounded;

      res := acsc(2/sqrt(3));

        RES := 1.0471975512

      res-pi/3;

        0

  An explicit numeric value is not given unless the switch round ed is on and the argument has an absolute numeric value less than or equal to 1.

  ACSCH

  INDEX

  ACSCH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  The acsch operator returns the hyperbolic arccosecant of its argument.

  ### syntax:

  acsch(<expression>) or acsch <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name.

  ### examples:

      acsch(ab);

        ACSCH(AB)

      acsch 15;

        ACSCH(15)

      df(acsch(x*y),x);

               2  2
        -SQRT(X *Y  + 1)
        ----------------
             2  2
         X*(X *Y  + 1)

      on rounded;

      res := acsch(3);

        RES := 0.327450150237

  An explicit numeric value is not given unless the switch round ed is on and the argument has an absolute numeric value less than or equal to 1.

  ASEC

  INDEX

  ASEC _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  The asec operator returns the arccosecant of its argument.

  ### syntax:

  asec(<expression>) or asec <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name.

  ### examples:

      asec(ab);

        ASEC(AB)

      asec 15;

        ASEC(15)

      df(asec(x*y),x);

              2  2
        SQRT(X *Y  - 1)
        ---------------
             2  2
         X*(X *Y  - 1)

      on rounded;

      res := asec sqrt(2);

        RES := 0.785398163397

      res-pi/4;

        0

  An explicit numeric value is not given unless the switch round ed is on and the argument has an absolute numeric value greater or equal to 1.

  ASECH

  INDEX

  ASECH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  asechrepresents the hyperbolic arccosecant of its argument. It takes an arbitrary scalar expression as its argument. The derivative of asech is known to the system. Numerical values may also be found by turning on the switch rounded.

  ### syntax:

  asech(<expression>) or asech <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name.

  ### examples:

      asech a;

        ASECH(A)

      asech(1);

        0

      df(acosh(a**2),a);

                  4
        2*SQRT(- A  + 1)
        ----------------
               4
           A*(A  - 1)

      int(asech(x),x);

        INT(ASECH(X),X)

  You may attach functionality by defining asech to be the inverse of sech. This is done by the commands

              put('sech,'inverse,'asech);
              put('asech,'inverse,'sech);

  You can write a procedure to attach integrals or other functions to asech. You may wish to add a check to see that its argument is properly restricted.

  ASIN

  INDEX

  ASIN _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  The asin operator returns the arcsine of its argument.

  ### syntax:

  asin(<expression>) or asin <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name.

  ### examples:

      asin(givenangle);

        ASIN(GIVENANGLE)

      asin(5);

        ASIN(5)

      df(asin(2*x),x);

                       2
          2*SQRT( - 4*X  + 1))
        - --------------------
                   2
                4*X  - 1

      on rounded;

      asin .5;

        0.523598775598

      asin(sqrt(3));

        ASIN(1.73205080757)

      asin(sqrt(3)/2);

        1.04719755120

  A numeric value is not returned by asin unless the switch rounded is on and its argument has an absolute value less than or equal to 1.

  ASINH

  INDEX

  ASINH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  The asinh operator returns the hyperbolic arcsine of its argument. The derivative of asinh and some simple transformations are known to the system.

  ### syntax:

  asinh(<expression>) or asinh <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name.

  ### examples:

      asinh d;

        ASINH(D)

      asinh(1);

        ASINH(1)

      df(asinh(2*x),x);

                  2
        2*SQRT(4*X  + 1))
        -----------------
               2
            4*X  + 1

  You may attach further functionality by defining asinh to be the inverse of sinh. This is done by the commands

              put('sinh,'inverse,'asinh);
              put('asinh,'inverse,'sinh);

  A numeric value is not returned by asinh unless the switch rounded is on and its argument evaluates to a number.

  ATAN

  INDEX

  ATAN _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  The atan operator returns the arctangent of its argument.

  ### syntax:

  atan(<expression>) or atan <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name.

  ### examples:

      atan(middle);

        ATAN(MIDDLE)

      on rounded;

      atan 45;

        1.54857776147

      off rounded;

      int(atan(x),x);

                           2
        2*ATAN(X)*X - LOG(X  + 1)
        -------------------------
                    2

      df(atan(y**2),y);

         2*Y
        -------
         4
        Y  + 1

  A numeric value is not returned by atan unless the switch rounded is on and its argument evaluates to a number.

  ATANH

  INDEX

  ATANH _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  The atanh operator returns the hyperbolic arctangent of its argument. The derivative of asinh and some simple transformations are known to the system.

  ### syntax:

  atanh(<expression>) or atanh <simple\_expression>

  <expression> may be any scalar REDUCE expression, not an array, matrix or vector expression. <simple\_expression> must be a single identifier or begin with a prefix operator name.

  ### examples:

      atanh aa;

        ATANH(AA)

      atanh(1);

        ATANH(1)

      df(atanh(x*y),y);

           - X
        ----------
         2  2
        X *Y  - 1

  A numeric value is not returned by asinh unless the switc h rounded is on and its argument evaluates to a number. You may attach additional functionality by defining atanh to be the inverse of tanh. This is done by the commands

              put('tanh,'inverse,'atanh);
              put('atanh,'inverse,'tanh);

  ATAN2

  INDEX

  ATAN2 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  ### syntax:

  atan2(<expression>,<expression>)

  <expression> is any valid scalar REDUCE expression. In rounded mode, if a numerical value exists, atan2 returns the principal value of the arc tangent of the second argument divided by the first in the range [-pi,+pi] radians, using the signs of both arguments to determine the quadrant of the return value. An expression in terms of atan2 is returned in other cases.

  ### examples:

      atan2(3,2);

        ATAN2(3,2);

      on rounded;

      atan2(3,2);

        0.982793723247

      atan2(a,b);

        ATAN2(A,B);

      atan2(1,0);

        1.57079632679

  atan2returns a numeric value only if rounded is on. Then atan2 is calculated to the current degree of floating point precision.

  COS

  INDEX

  COS _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ operator

  The cos operator returns the cosine of its argument.

  ### syntax:

  cos(<expression>) or cos <simple\_expression>

  <expression> is any valid scalar REDUCE expression, <simple\_expression> is a single identifier or begins with a prefix operator name.

  ### examples:

      cos abc;

        COS(ABC)

      cos(pi);

        -1

      cos 4;

        COS(4)

      on rounded;

      cos(4);

        - 0.653643620864

      cos log 5;

        - 0.0386319699339

  cosreturns a numeric value only if rounded is on. Then the cosine is calculated to the current degree of floating point precision.