Release: 2.0.49 | Release Date: April 3, 2026

# SQLAlchemy 2.0 Documentation

# Source code for examples.dogpile_caching.caching_query

    """Represent functions and classes
    which allow the usage of Dogpile caching with SQLAlchemy.
    Introduces a query option called FromCache.

    .. versionchanged:: 1.4  the caching approach has been altered to work
       based on a session event.

    The three new concepts introduced here are:

     * ORMCache - an extension for an ORM :class:`.Session`
       retrieves results in/from dogpile.cache.
     * FromCache - a query option that establishes caching
       parameters on a Query
     * RelationshipCache - a variant of FromCache which is specific
       to a query invoked during a lazy load.

    The rest of what's here are standard SQLAlchemy and
    dogpile.cache constructs.

    """

    from dogpile.cache.api import NO_VALUE

    from sqlalchemy import event
    from sqlalchemy.orm import loading
    from sqlalchemy.orm import Query
    from sqlalchemy.orm.interfaces import UserDefinedOption

    class ORMCache:
        """An add-on for an ORM :class:`.Session` optionally loads full results
        from a dogpile cache region.

        """

        def __init__(self, regions):
            self.cache_regions = regions
            self._statement_cache = {}

        def listen_on_session(self, session_factory):
            event.listen(session_factory, "do_orm_execute", self._do_orm_execute)

        def _do_orm_execute(self, orm_context):
            for opt in orm_context.user_defined_options:
                if isinstance(opt, RelationshipCache):
                    opt = opt._process_orm_context(orm_context)
                    if opt is None:
                        continue

                if isinstance(opt, FromCache):
                    dogpile_region = self.cache_regions[opt.region]

                    our_cache_key = opt._generate_cache_key(
                        orm_context.statement, orm_context.parameters or {}, self
                    )

                    if opt.ignore_expiration:
                        cached_value = dogpile_region.get(
                            our_cache_key,
                            expiration_time=opt.expiration_time,
                            ignore_expiration=opt.ignore_expiration,
                        )
                    else:

                        def createfunc():
                            return orm_context.invoke_statement().freeze()

                        cached_value = dogpile_region.get_or_create(
                            our_cache_key,
                            createfunc,
                            expiration_time=opt.expiration_time,
                        )

                    if cached_value is NO_VALUE:
                        # keyerror?   this is bigger than a keyerror...
                        raise KeyError()

                    orm_result = loading.merge_frozen_result(
                        orm_context.session,
                        orm_context.statement,
                        cached_value,
                        load=False,
                    )
                    return orm_result()

            else:
                return None

        def invalidate(self, statement, parameters, opt):
            """Invalidate the cache value represented by a statement."""

            if isinstance(statement, Query):
                statement = statement.__clause_element__()

            dogpile_region = self.cache_regions[opt.region]

            cache_key = opt._generate_cache_key(statement, parameters, self)

            dogpile_region.delete(cache_key)

    class FromCache(UserDefinedOption):
        """Specifies that a Query should load results from a cache."""

        propagate_to_loaders = False

        def __init__(
            self,
            region="default",
            cache_key=None,
            expiration_time=None,
            ignore_expiration=False,
        ):
            """Construct a new FromCache.

            :param region: the cache region.  Should be a
             region configured in the dictionary of dogpile
             regions.

            :param cache_key: optional.  A string cache key
             that will serve as the key to the query.   Use this
             if your query has a huge amount of parameters (such
             as when using in_()) which correspond more simply to
             some other identifier.

            """
            self.region = region
            self.cache_key = cache_key
            self.expiration_time = expiration_time
            self.ignore_expiration = ignore_expiration

        # this is not needed as of SQLAlchemy 1.4.28;
        # UserDefinedOption classes no longer participate in the SQL
        # compilation cache key
        def _gen_cache_key(self, anon_map, bindparams):
            return None

        def _generate_cache_key(self, statement, parameters, orm_cache):
            """generate a cache key with which to key the results of a statement.

            This leverages the use of the SQL compilation cache key which is
            repurposed as a SQL results key.

            """
            statement_cache_key = statement._generate_cache_key()

            key = statement_cache_key.to_offline_string(
                orm_cache._statement_cache, statement, parameters
            ) + repr(self.cache_key)
            # print("here's our key...%s" % key)
            return key

    class RelationshipCache(FromCache):
        """Specifies that a Query as called within a "lazy load"
        should load results from a cache."""

        propagate_to_loaders = True

        def __init__(
            self,
            attribute,
            region="default",
            cache_key=None,
            expiration_time=None,
            ignore_expiration=False,
        ):
            """Construct a new RelationshipCache.

            :param attribute: A Class.attribute which
             indicates a particular class relationship() whose
             lazy loader should be pulled from the cache.

            :param region: name of the cache region.

            :param cache_key: optional.  A string cache key
             that will serve as the key to the query, bypassing
             the usual means of forming a key from the Query itself.

            """
            self.region = region
            self.cache_key = cache_key
            self.expiration_time = expiration_time
            self.ignore_expiration = ignore_expiration
            self._relationship_options = {
                (attribute.property.parent.class_, attribute.property.key): self
            }

        def _process_orm_context(self, orm_context):
            current_path = orm_context.loader_strategy_path

            if current_path:
                mapper, prop = current_path[-2:]
                key = prop.key

                for cls in mapper.class_.__mro__:
                    if (cls, key) in self._relationship_options:
                        relationship_option = self._relationship_options[
                            (cls, key)
                        ]
                        return relationship_option

        def and_(self, option):
            """Chain another RelationshipCache option to this one.

            While many RelationshipCache objects can be specified on a single
            Query separately, chaining them together allows for a more efficient
            lookup during load.

            """
            self._relationship_options.update(option._relationship_options)
            return self