Release: 1.4.46 | Release Date: January 3, 2023

# SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation

# Source code for examples.join_conditions.cast

    """Illustrate a :func:`.relationship` that joins two columns where those
    columns are not of the same type, and a CAST must be used on the SQL
    side in order to match them.

    When complete, we'd like to see a load of the relationship to look like::

        -- load the primary row, a_id is a string
        SELECT a.id AS a_id_1, a.a_id AS a_a_id
        FROM a
        WHERE a.a_id = '2'

        -- then load the collection using CAST, b.a_id is an integer
        SELECT b.id AS b_id, b.a_id AS b_a_id
        FROM b
        WHERE CAST('2' AS INTEGER) = b.a_id

    The relationship is essentially configured as follows::

        class B(Base):
            # ...

            a = relationship(A,
                        primaryjoin=cast(A.a_id, Integer) == foreign(B.a_id),
                        backref="bs")

    Where above, we are making use of the :func:`.cast` function in order
    to produce CAST, as well as the :func:`.foreign` :term:`annotation` function
    in order to note to the ORM that ``B.a_id`` should be treated like the
    "foreign key" column.

    """

    from sqlalchemy import Column
    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy import Integer
    from sqlalchemy import String
    from sqlalchemy import TypeDecorator
    from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
    from sqlalchemy.orm import Session

    Base = declarative_base()

    class StringAsInt(TypeDecorator):
        """Coerce string->integer type.

        This is needed only if the relationship() from
        int to string is writable, as SQLAlchemy will copy
        the string parent values into the integer attribute
        on the child during a flush.

        """

        impl = Integer

        def process_bind_param(self, value, dialect):
            if value is not None:
                value = int(value)
            return value

    class A(Base):
        """Parent. The referenced column is a string type."""

        __tablename__ = "a"

        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        a_id = Column(String)

    class B(Base):
        """Child.  The column we reference 'A' with is an integer."""

        __tablename__ = "b"

        id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
        a_id = Column(StringAsInt)
        a = relationship(
            "A",
            # specify primaryjoin.  The string form is optional
            # here, but note that Declarative makes available all
            # of the built-in functions we might need, including
            # cast() and foreign().
            primaryjoin="cast(A.a_id, Integer) == foreign(B.a_id)",
            backref="bs",
        )

    # we demonstrate with SQLite, but the important part
    # is the CAST rendered in the SQL output.

    e = create_engine("sqlite://", echo=True)
    Base.metadata.create_all(e)

    s = Session(e)

    s.add_all([A(a_id="1"), A(a_id="2", bs=[B(), B()]), A(a_id="3", bs=[B()])])
    s.commit()

    b1 = s.query(B).filter_by(a_id="2").first()
    print(b1.a)

    a1 = s.query(A).filter_by(a_id="2").first()
    print(a1.bs)