Release: 1.4.46 | Release Date: January 3, 2023

# SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation

# Source code for examples.custom_attributes.listen_for_events

    """Illustrates how to attach events to all instrumented attributes
    and listen for change events.

    """

    from sqlalchemy import event

    def configure_listener(class_, key, inst):
        def append(instance, value, initiator):
            instance.receive_change_event("append", key, value, None)

        def remove(instance, value, initiator):
            instance.receive_change_event("remove", key, value, None)

        def set_(instance, value, oldvalue, initiator):
            instance.receive_change_event("set", key, value, oldvalue)

        event.listen(inst, "append", append)
        event.listen(inst, "remove", remove)
        event.listen(inst, "set", set_)

    if __name__ == "__main__":

        from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String, ForeignKey
        from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
        from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base

        class Base(object):
            def receive_change_event(self, verb, key, value, oldvalue):
                s = "Value '%s' %s on attribute '%s', " % (value, verb, key)
                if oldvalue:
                    s += "which replaced the value '%s', " % oldvalue
                s += "on object %s" % self
                print(s)

        Base = declarative_base(cls=Base)

        event.listen(Base, "attribute_instrument", configure_listener)

        class MyMappedClass(Base):
            __tablename__ = "mytable"

            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
            data = Column(String(50))
            related_id = Column(Integer, ForeignKey("related.id"))
            related = relationship("Related", backref="mapped")

            def __str__(self):
                return "MyMappedClass(data=%r)" % self.data

        class Related(Base):
            __tablename__ = "related"

            id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
            data = Column(String(50))

            def __str__(self):
                return "Related(data=%r)" % self.data

        # classes are instrumented.  Demonstrate the events !

        m1 = MyMappedClass(data="m1", related=Related(data="r1"))
        m1.data = "m1mod"
        m1.related.mapped.append(MyMappedClass(data="m2"))
        del m1.data