Release: 1.4.46 | Release Date: January 3, 2023

# SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation

# Reflecting Database Objects

A `Table` object can be instructed to load information about itself from the corresponding database schema object already existing within the database. This process is called reflection. In the most simple case you need only specify the table name, a `MetaData` object, and the `autoload_with` argument:

    >>> messages = Table("messages", metadata_obj, autoload_with=engine)
    >>> [c.name for c in messages.columns]
    ['message_id', 'message_name', 'date']

The above operation will use the given engine to query the database for information about the `messages` table, and will then generate `Column`, `ForeignKey`, and other objects corresponding to this information as though the `Table` object were hand-constructed in Python.

When tables are reflected, if a given table references another one via foreign key, a second `Table` object is created within the `MetaData` object representing the connection. Below, assume the table `shopping_cart_items` references a table named `shopping_carts`. Reflecting the `shopping_cart_items` table has the effect such that the `shopping_carts` table will also be loaded:

    >>> shopping_cart_items = Table("shopping_cart_items", metadata_obj, autoload_with=engine)
    >>> 'shopping_carts' in metadata_obj.tables:
    True

The `MetaData` has an interesting “singleton-like” behavior such that if you requested both tables individually, `MetaData` will ensure that exactly one `Table` object is created for each distinct table name. The `Table` constructor actually returns to you the already-existing `Table` object if one already exists with the given name. Such as below, we can access the already generated `shopping_carts` table just by naming it:

    shopping_carts = Table("shopping_carts", metadata_obj)

Of course, it’s a good idea to use `autoload_with=engine` with the above table regardless. This is so that the table’s attributes will be loaded if they have not been already. The autoload operation only occurs for the table if it hasn’t already been loaded; once loaded, new calls to `Table` with the same name will not re-issue any reflection queries.

## Overriding Reflected Columns

Individual columns can be overridden with explicit values when reflecting tables; this is handy for specifying custom datatypes, constraints such as primary keys that may not be configured within the database, etc.:

    >>> mytable = Table(
    ...     "mytable",
    ...     metadata_obj,
    ...     Column(
    ...         "id", Integer, primary_key=True
    ...     ),  # override reflected 'id' to have primary key
    ...     Column("mydata", Unicode(50)),  # override reflected 'mydata' to be Unicode
    ...     # additional Column objects which require no change are reflected normally
    ...     autoload_with=some_engine,
    ... )

See also

Working with Custom Types and Reflection - illustrates how the above column override technique applies to the use of custom datatypes with table reflection.

## Reflecting Views

The reflection system can also reflect views. Basic usage is the same as that of a table:

    my_view = Table("some_view", metadata, autoload_with=engine)

Above, `my_view` is a `Table` object with `Column` objects representing the names and types of each column within the view “some_view”.

Usually, it’s desired to have at least a primary key constraint when reflecting a view, if not foreign keys as well. View reflection doesn’t extrapolate these constraints.

Use the “override” technique for this, specifying explicitly those columns which are part of the primary key or have foreign key constraints:

    my_view = Table(
        "some_view",
        metadata,
        Column("view_id", Integer, primary_key=True),
        Column("related_thing", Integer, ForeignKey("othertable.thing_id")),
        autoload_with=engine,
    )

## Reflecting All Tables at Once

The `MetaData` object can also get a listing of tables and reflect the full set. This is achieved by using the `reflect()` method. After calling it, all located tables are present within the `MetaData` object’s dictionary of tables:

    metadata_obj = MetaData()
    metadata_obj.reflect(bind=someengine)
    users_table = metadata_obj.tables["users"]
    addresses_table = metadata_obj.tables["addresses"]

`metadata.reflect()` also provides a handy way to clear or delete all the rows in a database:

    metadata_obj = MetaData()
    metadata_obj.reflect(bind=someengine)
    for table in reversed(metadata_obj.sorted_tables):
        someengine.execute(table.delete())

## Reflecting Tables from Other Schemas

The section Specifying the Schema Name introduces the concept of table schemas, which are namespaces within a database that contain tables and other objects, and which can be specified explicitly. The “schema” for a `Table` object, as well as for other objects like views, indexes and sequences, can be set up using the `Table.schema` parameter, and also as the default schema for a `MetaData` object using the `MetaData.schema` parameter.

The use of this schema parameter directly affects where the table reflection feature will look when it is asked to reflect objects. For example, given a `MetaData` object configured with a default schema name “project” via its `MetaData.schema` parameter:

    >>> metadata_obj = MetaData(schema="project")

The `MetaData.reflect()` will then utilize that configured `.schema` for reflection:

    >>> # uses `schema` configured in metadata_obj
    >>> metadata_obj.reflect(someengine)

The end result is that `Table` objects from the “project” schema will be reflected, and they will be populated as schema-qualified with that name:

    >>> metadata_obj.tables["project.messages"]
    Table('messages', MetaData(), Column('message_id', INTEGER(), table=<messages>), schema='project')

Similarly, an individual `Table` object that includes the `Table.schema` parameter will also be reflected from that database schema, overriding any default schema that may have been configured on the owning `MetaData` collection:

    >>> messages = Table("messages", metadata_obj, schema="project", autoload_with=someengine)
    >>> messages
    Table('messages', MetaData(), Column('message_id', INTEGER(), table=<messages>), schema='project')

Finally, the `MetaData.reflect()` method itself also allows a `MetaData.reflect.schema` parameter to be passed, so we could also load tables from the “project” schema for a default configured `MetaData` object:

    >>> metadata_obj = MetaData()
    >>> metadata_obj.reflect(someengine, schema="project")

We can call `MetaData.reflect()` any number of times with different `MetaData.schema` arguments (or none at all) to continue populating the `MetaData` object with more objects:

    >>> # add tables from the "customer" schema
    >>> metadata_obj.reflect(someengine, schema="customer")
    >>> # add tables from the default schema
    >>> metadata_obj.reflect(someengine)

### Interaction of Schema-qualified Reflection with the Default Schema

Section Best Practices Summarized

In this section, we discuss SQLAlchemy’s reflection behavior regarding tables that are visible in the “default schema” of a database session, and how these interact with SQLAlchemy directives that include the schema explicitly. As a best practice, ensure the “default” schema for a database is just a single name, and not a list of names; for tables that are part of this “default” schema and can be named without schema qualification in DDL and SQL, leave corresponding `Table.schema` and similar schema parameters set to their default of `None`.

As described at Specifying a Default Schema Name with MetaData, databases that have the concept of schemas usually also include the concept of a “default” schema. The reason for this is naturally that when one refers to table objects without a schema as is common, a schema-capable database will still consider that table to be in a “schema” somewhere. Some databases such as PostgreSQL take this concept further into the notion of a schema search path where multiple schema names can be considered in a particular database session to be “implicit”; referring to a table name that it’s any of those schemas will not require that the schema name be present (while at the same time it’s also perfectly fine if the schema name is present).

Since most relational databases therefore have the concept of a particular table object which can be referred towards both in a schema-qualified way, as well as an “implicit” way where no schema is present, this presents a complexity for SQLAlchemy’s reflection feature. Reflecting a table in a schema-qualified manner will always populate its `Table.schema` attribute and additionally affect how this `Table` is organized into the `MetaData.tables` collection, that is, in a schema qualified manner. Conversely, reflecting the same table in a non-schema qualified manner will organize it into the `MetaData.tables` collection without being schema qualified. The end result is that there would be two separate `Table` objects in the single `MetaData` collection representing the same table in the actual database.

To illustrate the ramifications of this issue, consider tables from the “project” schema in the previous example, and suppose also that the “project” schema is the default schema of our database connection, or if using a database such as PostgreSQL suppose the “project” schema is set up in the PostgreSQL `search_path`. This would mean that the database accepts the following two SQL statements as equivalent:

    -- schema qualified
    SELECT message_id FROM project.messages

    -- non-schema qualified
    SELECT message_id FROM messages

This is not a problem as the table can be found in both ways. However in SQLAlchemy, it’s the identity of the `Table` object that determines its semantic role within a SQL statement. Based on the current decisions within SQLAlchemy, this means that if we reflect the same “messages” table in both a schema-qualified as well as a non-schema qualified manner, we get two `Table` objects that will not be treated as semantically equivalent:

    >>> # reflect in non-schema qualified fashion
    >>> messages_table_1 = Table("messages", metadata_obj, autoload_with=someengine)
    >>> # reflect in schema qualified fashion
    >>> messages_table_2 = Table(
    ...     "messages", metadata_obj, schema="project", autoload_with=someengine
    ... )
    >>> # two different objects
    >>> messages_table_1 is messages_table_2
    False
    >>> # stored in two different ways
    >>> metadata.tables["messages"] is messages_table_1
    True
    >>> metadata.tables["project.messages"] is messages_table_2
    True

The above issue becomes more complicated when the tables being reflected contain foreign key references to other tables. Suppose “messages” has a “project_id” column which refers to rows in another schema-local table “projects”, meaning there is a `ForeignKeyConstraint` object that is part of the definition of the “messages” table.

We can find ourselves in a situation where one `MetaData` collection may contain as many as four `Table` objects representing these two database tables, where one or two of the additional tables were generated by the reflection process; this is because when the reflection process encounters a foreign key constraint on a table being reflected, it branches out to reflect that referenced table as well. The decision making it uses to assign the schema to this referenced table is that SQLAlchemy will omit a default schema from the reflected `ForeignKeyConstraint` object if the owning `Table` also omits its schema name and also that these two objects are in the same schema, but will include it if it were not omitted.

The common scenario is when the reflection of a table in a schema qualified fashion then loads a related table that will also be performed in a schema qualified fashion:

    >>> # reflect "messages" in a schema qualified fashion
    >>> messages_table_1 = Table(
    ...     "messages", metadata_obj, schema="project", autoload_with=someengine
    ... )

The above `messages_table_1` will refer to `projects` also in a schema qualified fashion. This “projects” table will be reflected automatically by the fact that “messages” refers to it:

    >>> messages_table_1.c.project_id
    Column('project_id', INTEGER(), ForeignKey('project.projects.project_id'), table=<messages>)

if some other part of the code reflects “projects” in a non-schema qualified fashion, there are now two projects tables that are not the same:

    >>> # reflect "projects" in a non-schema qualified fashion
    >>> projects_table_1 = Table("projects", metadata_obj, autoload_with=someengine)

    >>> # messages does not refer to projects_table_1 above
    >>> messages_table_1.c.project_id.references(projects_table_1.c.project_id)
    False

    >>> it refers to this one
    >>> projects_table_2 = metadata_obj.tables["project.projects"]
    >>> messages_table_1.c.project_id.references(projects_table_2.c.project_id)
    True

    >>> they're different, as one non-schema qualified and the other one is
    >>> projects_table_1 is projects_table_2
    False

The above confusion can cause problems within applications that use table reflection to load up application-level `Table` objects, as well as within migration scenarios, in particular such as when using Alembic Migrations to detect new tables and foreign key constraints.

The above behavior can be remedied by sticking to one simple practice:

- Don’t include the `Table.schema` parameter for any `Table` that expects to be located in the default schema of the database.

For PostgreSQL and other databases that support a “search” path for schemas, add the following additional practice:

- Keep the “search path” narrowed down to one schema only, which is the default schema.

See also

Remote-Schema Table Introspection and PostgreSQL search_path - additional details of this behavior as regards the PostgreSQL database.

## Fine Grained Reflection with Inspector

A low level interface which provides a backend-agnostic system of loading lists of schema, table, column, and constraint descriptions from a given database is also available. This is known as the “Inspector”:

    from sqlalchemy import create_engine
    from sqlalchemy import inspect

    engine = create_engine("...")
    insp = inspect(engine)
    print(insp.get_table_names())

Object Name | Description
--- | ---
Inspector | Performs database schema inspection.

class sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector(bind)

  Performs database schema inspection.

  The Inspector acts as a proxy to the reflection methods of the `Dialect`, providing a consistent interface as well as caching support for previously fetched metadata.

  A `Inspector` object is usually created via the `inspect()` function, which may be passed an `Engine` or a `Connection`:

      from sqlalchemy import inspect, create_engine
      engine = create_engine('...')
      insp = inspect(engine)

  Members

  __init__(), default_schema_name, from_engine(), get_check_constraints(), get_columns(), get_foreign_keys(), get_indexes(), get_pk_constraint(), get_schema_names(), get_sequence_names(), get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names(), get_table_comment(), get_table_names(), get_table_options(), get_temp_table_names(), get_temp_view_names(), get_unique_constraints(), get_view_definition(), get_view_names(), has_sequence(), has_table(), reflect_table(), reflecttable()

  Where above, the `Dialect` associated with the engine may opt to return an `Inspector` subclass that provides additional methods specific to the dialect’s target database.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` __init__(bind)

    Initialize a new `Inspector`.

    Deprecated since version 1.4: The __init__() method on `Inspector` is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use the `inspect()` function on an `Engine` or `Connection` in order to acquire an `Inspector`.

    Parameters:

      bind – a `Connectable`, which is typically an instance of `Engine` or `Connection`.

    For a dialect-specific instance of `Inspector`, see `Inspector.from_engine()`

  attribute `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` default_schema_name

    Return the default schema name presented by the dialect for the current engine’s database user.

    E.g. this is typically `public` for PostgreSQL and `dbo` for SQL Server.

  classmethod `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` from_engine(bind)

    Construct a new dialect-specific Inspector object from the given engine or connection.

    Deprecated since version 1.4: The from_engine() method on `Inspector` is deprecated and will be removed in a future release. Please use the `inspect()` function on an `Engine` or `Connection` in order to acquire an `Inspector`.

    Parameters:

      bind – a `Connectable`, which is typically an instance of `Engine` or `Connection`.

    This method differs from direct a direct constructor call of `Inspector` in that the `Dialect` is given a chance to provide a dialect-specific `Inspector` instance, which may provide additional methods.

    See the example at `Inspector`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_check_constraints(table_name, schema=None, **kw)

    Return information about check constraints in table_name.

    Given a string table_name and an optional string schema, return check constraint information as a list of dicts with these keys:

    - `name` - the check constraint’s name

    - `sqltext` - the check constraint’s SQL expression

    - `dialect_options` - may or may not be present; a dictionary with additional dialect-specific options for this CHECK constraint

      New in version 1.3.8.

    Parameters:

      - table_name – string name of the table. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

      - schema – string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema of the database connection. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

    New in version 1.1.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_columns(table_name, schema=None, **kw)

    Return information about columns in table_name.

    Given a string table_name and an optional string schema, return column information as a list of dicts with these keys:

    - `name` - the column’s name

    - `type` - the type of this column; an instance of `TypeEngine`

    - `nullable` - boolean flag if the column is NULL or NOT NULL

    - `default` - the column’s server default value - this is returned as a string SQL expression.

    - `autoincrement` - indicates that the column is auto incremented - this is returned as a boolean or ‘auto’

    - `comment` - (optional) the comment on the column. Only some dialects return this key

    - `computed` - (optional) when present it indicates that this column is computed by the database. Only some dialects return this key. Returned as a dict with the keys:

      - `sqltext` - the expression used to generate this column returned as a string SQL expression

      - `persisted` - (optional) boolean that indicates if the column is stored in the table

      New in version 1.3.16: - added support for computed reflection.

    - `identity` - (optional) when present it indicates that this column is a generated always column. Only some dialects return this key. For a list of keywords on this dict see `Identity`.

      New in version 1.4: - added support for identity column reflection.

    - `dialect_options` - (optional) a dict with dialect specific options

    Parameters:

      - table_name – string name of the table. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

      - schema – string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema of the database connection. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

    Returns:

      list of dictionaries, each representing the definition of a database column.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_foreign_keys(table_name, schema=None, **kw)

    Return information about foreign_keys in table_name.

    Given a string table_name, and an optional string schema, return foreign key information as a list of dicts with these keys:

    - `constrained_columns` - a list of column names that make up the foreign key

    - `referred_schema` - the name of the referred schema

    - `referred_table` - the name of the referred table

    - `referred_columns` - a list of column names in the referred table that correspond to constrained_columns

    - `name` - optional name of the foreign key constraint.

    Parameters:

      - table_name – string name of the table. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

      - schema – string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema of the database connection. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_indexes(table_name, schema=None, **kw)

    Return information about indexes in table_name.

    Given a string table_name and an optional string schema, return index information as a list of dicts with these keys:

    - `name` - the index’s name

    - `column_names` - list of column names in order

    - `unique` - boolean

    - `column_sorting` - optional dict mapping column names to tuple of sort keywords, which may include `asc`, `desc`, `nulls_first`, `nulls_last`.

      New in version 1.3.5.

    - `dialect_options` - dict of dialect-specific index options. May not be present for all dialects.

      New in version 1.0.0.

    Parameters:

      - table_name – string name of the table. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

      - schema – string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema of the database connection. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_pk_constraint(table_name, schema=None, **kw)

    Return information about primary key constraint on table_name.

    Given a string table_name, and an optional string schema, return primary key information as a dictionary with these keys:

    - `constrained_columns` - a list of column names that make up the primary key

    - `name` - optional name of the primary key constraint.

    Parameters:

      - table_name – string name of the table. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

      - schema – string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema of the database connection. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_schema_names()

    Return all schema names.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_sequence_names(schema=None)

    Return all sequence names in schema.

    Parameters:

      schema – Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names(schema=None)

    Return dependency-sorted table and foreign key constraint names in referred to within a particular schema.

    This will yield 2-tuples of `(tablename, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ...])` consisting of table names in CREATE order grouped with the foreign key constraint names that are not detected as belonging to a cycle. The final element will be `(None, [(tname, fkname), (tname, fkname), ..])` which will consist of remaining foreign key constraint names that would require a separate CREATE step after-the-fact, based on dependencies between tables.

    New in version 1.0.-.

    See also

    `Inspector.get_table_names()`

    `sort_tables_and_constraints()` - similar method which works with an already-given `MetaData`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_table_comment(table_name, schema=None, **kw)

    Return information about the table comment for `table_name`.

    Given a string `table_name` and an optional string `schema`, return table comment information as a dictionary with these keys:

    - `text` -

        text of the comment.

    Raises `NotImplementedError` for a dialect that does not support comments.

    New in version 1.2.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_table_names(schema=None)

    Return all table names in referred to within a particular schema.

    The names are expected to be real tables only, not views. Views are instead returned using the `Inspector.get_view_names()` method.

    Parameters:

      schema – Schema name. If `schema` is left at `None`, the database’s default schema is used, else the named schema is searched. If the database does not support named schemas, behavior is undefined if `schema` is not passed as `None`. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

    See also

    `Inspector.get_sorted_table_and_fkc_names()`

    `MetaData.sorted_tables`

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_table_options(table_name, schema=None, **kw)

    Return a dictionary of options specified when the table of the given name was created.

    This currently includes some options that apply to MySQL tables.

    Parameters:

      - table_name – string name of the table. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

      - schema – string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema of the database connection. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_temp_table_names()

    Return a list of temporary table names for the current bind.

    This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently only SQLite implements it.

    New in version 1.0.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_temp_view_names()

    Return a list of temporary view names for the current bind.

    This method is unsupported by most dialects; currently only SQLite implements it.

    New in version 1.0.0.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_unique_constraints(table_name, schema=None, **kw)

    Return information about unique constraints in table_name.

    Given a string table_name and an optional string schema, return unique constraint information as a list of dicts with these keys:

    - `name` - the unique constraint’s name

    - `column_names` - list of column names in order

    Parameters:

      - table_name – string name of the table. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

      - schema – string schema name; if omitted, uses the default schema of the database connection. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_view_definition(view_name, schema=None)

    Return definition for view_name.

    Parameters:

      schema – Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` get_view_names(schema=None)

    Return all view names in schema.

    Parameters:

      schema – Optional, retrieve names from a non-default schema. For special quoting, use `quoted_name`.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` has_sequence(sequence_name, schema=None)

    Return True if the backend has a table of the given name.

    Parameters:

      - sequence_name – name of the table to check

      - schema – schema name to query, if not the default schema.

    New in version 1.4.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` has_table(table_name, schema=None)

    Return True if the backend has a table of the given name.

    Parameters:

      - table_name – name of the table to check

      - schema – schema name to query, if not the default schema.

    New in version 1.4: - the `Inspector.has_table()` method replaces the `Engine.has_table()` method.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` reflect_table(table, include_columns, exclude_columns=(), resolve_fks=True, _extend_on=None)

    Given a `Table` object, load its internal constructs based on introspection.

    This is the underlying method used by most dialects to produce table reflection. Direct usage is like:

        from sqlalchemy import create_engine, MetaData, Table
        from sqlalchemy import inspect

        engine = create_engine('...')
        meta = MetaData()
        user_table = Table('user', meta)
        insp = inspect(engine)
        insp.reflect_table(user_table, None)

    Changed in version 1.4: Renamed from `reflecttable` to `reflect_table`

    Parameters:

      - table – a `Table` instance.

      - include_columns – a list of string column names to include in the reflection process. If `None`, all columns are reflected.

  method `sqlalchemy.engine.reflection.Inspector.` reflecttable(*args, **kwargs)

    See reflect_table. This method name is deprecated

    Deprecated since version 1.4: The `Inspector.reflecttable()` method is considered legacy as of the 1.x series of SQLAlchemy and will be removed in 2.0. The `Inspector.reflecttable()` method was renamed to `Inspector.reflect_table()`. This deprecated alias will be removed in a future release. (Background on SQLAlchemy 2.0 at: Migrating to SQLAlchemy 2.0)

## Reflecting with Database-Agnostic Types

When the columns of a table are reflected, using either the `Table.autoload_with` parameter of `Table` or the `Inspector.get_columns()` method of `Inspector`, the datatypes will be as specific as possible to the target database. This means that if an “integer” datatype is reflected from a MySQL database, the type will be represented by the `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.INTEGER` class, which includes MySQL-specific attributes such as “display_width”. Or on PostgreSQL, a PostgreSQL-specific datatype such as `sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.INTERVAL` or `sqlalchemy.dialects.postgresql.ENUM` may be returned.

There is a use case for reflection which is that a given `Table` is to be transferred to a different vendor database. To suit this use case, there is a technique by which these vendor-specific datatypes can be converted on the fly to be instance of SQLAlchemy backend-agnostic datatypes, for the examples above types such as `Integer`, `Interval` and `Enum`. This may be achieved by intercepting the column reflection using the `DDLEvents.column_reflect()` event in conjunction with the `TypeEngine.as_generic()` method.

Given a table in MySQL (chosen because MySQL has a lot of vendor-specific datatypes and options):

    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS my_table (
        id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTO_INCREMENT,
        data1 VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET latin1,
        data2 MEDIUMINT(4),
        data3 TINYINT(2)
    )

The above table includes MySQL-only integer types `MEDIUMINT` and `TINYINT` as well as a `VARCHAR` that includes the MySQL-only `CHARACTER SET` option. If we reflect this table normally, it produces a `Table` object that will contain those MySQL-specific datatypes and options:

    >>> from sqlalchemy import MetaData, Table, create_engine
    >>> mysql_engine = create_engine("mysql://scott:tiger@localhost/test")
    >>> metadata_obj = MetaData()
    >>> my_mysql_table = Table("my_table", metadata_obj, autoload_with=mysql_engine)

The above example reflects the above table schema into a new `Table` object. We can then, for demonstration purposes, print out the MySQL-specific “CREATE TABLE” statement using the `CreateTable` construct:

    >>> from sqlalchemy.schema import CreateTable
    >>> print(CreateTable(my_mysql_table).compile(mysql_engine))
    CREATE TABLE my_table (
    id INTEGER(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
    data1 VARCHAR(50) CHARACTER SET latin1,
    data2 MEDIUMINT(4),
    data3 TINYINT(2),
    PRIMARY KEY (id)
    )ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4

Above, the MySQL-specific datatypes and options were maintained. If we wanted a `Table` that we could instead transfer cleanly to another database vendor, replacing the special datatypes `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.MEDIUMINT` and `sqlalchemy.dialects.mysql.TINYINT` with `Integer`, we can choose instead to “genericize” the datatypes on this table, or otherwise change them in any way we’d like, by establishing a handler using the `DDLEvents.column_reflect()` event. The custom handler will make use of the `TypeEngine.as_generic()` method to convert the above MySQL-specific type objects into generic ones, by replacing the `"type"` entry within the column dictionary entry that is passed to the event handler. The format of this dictionary is described at `Inspector.get_columns()`:

    >>> from sqlalchemy import event
    >>> metadata_obj = MetaData()

    >>> @event.listens_for(metadata_obj, "column_reflect")
    >>> def genericize_datatypes(inspector, tablename, column_dict):
    ...     column_dict["type"] = column_dict["type"].as_generic()

    >>> my_generic_table = Table("my_table", metadata_obj, autoload_with=mysql_engine)

We now get a new `Table` that is generic and uses `Integer` for those datatypes. We can now emit a “CREATE TABLE” statement for example on a PostgreSQL database:

    >>> pg_engine = create_engine("postgresql://scott:tiger@localhost/test", echo=True)
    >>> my_generic_table.create(pg_engine)
    CREATE TABLE my_table (
        id SERIAL NOT NULL,
        data1 VARCHAR(50),
        data2 INTEGER,
        data3 INTEGER,
        PRIMARY KEY (id)
    )

Noting above also that SQLAlchemy will usually make a decent guess for other behaviors, such as that the MySQL `AUTO_INCREMENT` directive is represented in PostgreSQL most closely using the `SERIAL` auto-incrementing datatype.

New in version 1.4: Added the `TypeEngine.as_generic()` method and additionally improved the use of the `DDLEvents.column_reflect()` event such that it may be applied to a `MetaData` object for convenience.

## Limitations of Reflection

It’s important to note that the reflection process recreates `Table` metadata using only information which is represented in the relational database. This process by definition cannot restore aspects of a schema that aren’t actually stored in the database. State which is not available from reflection includes but is not limited to:

- Client side defaults, either Python functions or SQL expressions defined using the `default` keyword of `Column` (note this is separate from `server_default`, which specifically is what’s available via reflection).

- Column information, e.g. data that might have been placed into the `Column.info` dictionary

- The value of the `.quote` setting for `Column` or `Table`

- The association of a particular `Sequence` with a given `Column`

The relational database also in many cases reports on table metadata in a different format than what was specified in SQLAlchemy. The `Table` objects returned from reflection cannot be always relied upon to produce the identical DDL as the original Python-defined `Table` objects. Areas where this occurs includes server defaults, column-associated sequences and various idiosyncrasies regarding constraints and datatypes. Server side defaults may be returned with cast directives (typically PostgreSQL will include a `::<type>` cast) or different quoting patterns than originally specified.

Another category of limitation includes schema structures for which reflection is only partially or not yet defined. Recent improvements to reflection allow things like views, indexes and foreign key options to be reflected. As of this writing, structures like CHECK constraints, table comments, and triggers are not reflected.