Release: 1.4.46 | Release Date: January 3, 2023

# SQLAlchemy 1.4 Documentation

# Integration with dataclasses and attrs

SQLAlchemy 1.4 has limited support for ORM mappings that are established against classes that have already been pre-instrumented using either Python’s built-in dataclasses library or the attrs third party integration library.

Tip

SQLAlchemy 2.0 will include a new dataclass integration feature which allows for a particular class to be mapped and converted into a Python dataclass simultaneously, with full support for SQLAlchemy’s declarative syntax. Within the scope of the 1.4 release, the `@dataclass` decorator is used separately as documented in this section.

## Applying ORM Mappings to an existing dataclass

The dataclasses module, added in Python 3.7, provides a `@dataclass` class decorator to automatically generate boilerplate definitions of common object methods including `__init__()`, `__repr()__`, and other methods. SQLAlchemy supports the application of ORM mappings to a class after it has been processed with the `@dataclass` decorator, by using either the `registry.mapped()` class decorator, or the `registry.map_imperatively()` method to apply ORM mappings to the class using Imperative.

New in version 1.4: Added support for direct mapping of Python dataclasses

To map an existing dataclass, SQLAlchemy’s “inline” declarative directives cannot be used directly; ORM directives are assigned using one of three techniques:

- Using “Declarative with Imperative Table”, the table / column to be mapped is defined using a `Table` object assigned to the `__table__` attribute of the class; relationships are defined within `__mapper_args__` dictionary. The class is mapped using the `registry.mapped()` decorator. An example is below at Mapping dataclasses using Declarative With Imperative Table.

- Using full “Declarative”, the Declarative-interpreted directives such as `Column`, `relationship()` are added to the `.metadata` dictionary of the `dataclasses.field()` construct, where they are consumed by the declarative process. The class is again mapped using the `registry.mapped()` decorator. See the example below at Mapping dataclasses using Declarative Mapping.

- An “Imperative” mapping can be applied to an existing dataclass using the `registry.map_imperatively()` method to produce the mapping in exactly the same way as described at Imperative Mapping. This is illustrated below at Mapping dataclasses using Imperative Mapping.

The general process by which SQLAlchemy applies mappings to a dataclass is the same as that of an ordinary class, but also includes that SQLAlchemy will detect class-level attributes that were part of the dataclasses declaration process and replace them at runtime with the usual SQLAlchemy ORM mapped attributes. The `__init__` method that would have been generated by dataclasses is left intact, as is the same for all the other methods that dataclasses generates such as `__eq__()`, `__repr__()`, etc.

### Mapping dataclasses using Declarative With Imperative Table

An example of a mapping using `@dataclass` using Declarative with Imperative Table (a.k.a. Hybrid Declarative) is below. A complete `Table` object is constructed explicitly and assigned to the `__table__` attribute. Instance fields are defined using normal dataclass syntaxes. Additional `MapperProperty` definitions such as `relationship()`, are placed in the __mapper_args__ class-level dictionary underneath the `properties` key, corresponding to the `mapper.properties` parameter:

    from __future__ import annotations

    from dataclasses import dataclass, field
    from typing import List, Optional

    from sqlalchemy import Column, ForeignKey, Integer, String, Table
    from sqlalchemy.orm import registry, relationship

    mapper_registry = registry()

    @mapper_registry.mapped
    @dataclass
    class User:
        __table__ = Table(
            "user",
            mapper_registry.metadata,
            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
            Column("name", String(50)),
            Column("fullname", String(50)),
            Column("nickname", String(12)),
        )
        id: int = field(init=False)
        name: Optional[str] = None
        fullname: Optional[str] = None
        nickname: Optional[str] = None
        addresses: List[Address] = field(default_factory=list)

        __mapper_args__ = {  # type: ignore
            "properties": {
                "addresses": relationship("Address"),
            }
        }

    @mapper_registry.mapped
    @dataclass
    class Address:
        __table__ = Table(
            "address",
            mapper_registry.metadata,
            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
            Column("user_id", Integer, ForeignKey("user.id")),
            Column("email_address", String(50)),
        )
        id: int = field(init=False)
        user_id: int = field(init=False)
        email_address: Optional[str] = None

In the above example, the `User.id`, `Address.id`, and `Address.user_id` attributes are defined as `field(init=False)`. This means that parameters for these won’t be added to `__init__()` methods, but `Session` will still be able to set them after getting their values during flush from autoincrement or other default value generator. To allow them to be specified in the constructor explicitly, they would instead be given a default value of `None`.

For a `relationship()` to be declared separately, it needs to be specified directly within the `mapper.properties` dictionary which itself is specified within the `__mapper_args__` dictionary, so that it is passed to the `mapper()` construction function. An alternative to this approach is in the next example.

### Mapping dataclasses using Declarative Mapping

The fully declarative approach requires that `Column` objects are declared as class attributes, which when using dataclasses would conflict with the dataclass-level attributes. An approach to combine these together is to make use of the `metadata` attribute on the `dataclass.field` object, where SQLAlchemy-specific mapping information may be supplied. Declarative supports extraction of these parameters when the class specifies the attribute `__sa_dataclass_metadata_key__`. This also provides a more succinct method of indicating the `relationship()` association:

    from __future__ import annotations

    from dataclasses import dataclass, field
    from typing import List

    from sqlalchemy import Column, ForeignKey, Integer, String
    from sqlalchemy.orm import registry, relationship

    mapper_registry = registry()

    @mapper_registry.mapped
    @dataclass
    class User:
        __tablename__ = "user"

        __sa_dataclass_metadata_key__ = "sa"
        id: int = field(init=False, metadata={"sa": Column(Integer, primary_key=True)})
        name: str = field(default=None, metadata={"sa": Column(String(50))})
        fullname: str = field(default=None, metadata={"sa": Column(String(50))})
        nickname: str = field(default=None, metadata={"sa": Column(String(12))})
        addresses: List[Address] = field(
            default_factory=list, metadata={"sa": relationship("Address")}
        )

    @mapper_registry.mapped
    @dataclass
    class Address:
        __tablename__ = "address"
        __sa_dataclass_metadata_key__ = "sa"
        id: int = field(init=False, metadata={"sa": Column(Integer, primary_key=True)})
        user_id: int = field(init=False, metadata={"sa": Column(ForeignKey("user.id"))})
        email_address: str = field(default=None, metadata={"sa": Column(String(50))})

### Mapping dataclasses using Imperative Mapping

As described previously, a class which is set up as a dataclass using the `@dataclass` decorator can then be further decorated using the `registry.mapped()` decorator in order to apply declarative-style mapping to the class. As an alternative to using the `registry.mapped()` decorator, we may also pass the class through the `registry.map_imperatively()` method instead, so that we may pass all `Table` and `mapper()` configuration imperatively to the function rather than having them defined on the class itself as class variables:

    from __future__ import annotations

    from dataclasses import dataclass
    from dataclasses import field
    from typing import List

    from sqlalchemy import Column
    from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
    from sqlalchemy import Integer
    from sqlalchemy import MetaData
    from sqlalchemy import String
    from sqlalchemy import Table
    from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

    mapper_registry = registry()

    @dataclass
    class User:
        id: int = field(init=False)
        name: str = None
        fullname: str = None
        nickname: str = None
        addresses: List[Address] = field(default_factory=list)

    @dataclass
    class Address:
        id: int = field(init=False)
        user_id: int = field(init=False)
        email_address: str = None

    metadata_obj = MetaData()

    user = Table(
        "user",
        metadata_obj,
        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
        Column("name", String(50)),
        Column("fullname", String(50)),
        Column("nickname", String(12)),
    )

    address = Table(
        "address",
        metadata_obj,
        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
        Column("user_id", Integer, ForeignKey("user.id")),
        Column("email_address", String(50)),
    )

    mapper_registry.map_imperatively(
        User,
        user,
        properties={
            "addresses": relationship(Address, backref="user", order_by=address.c.id),
        },
    )

    mapper_registry.map_imperatively(Address, address)

#### Using Declarative Mixins with Dataclasses

In the section Composing Mapped Hierarchies with Mixins, Declarative Mixin classes are introduced. One requirement of declarative mixins is that certain constructs that can’t be easily duplicated must be given as callables, using the `declared_attr` decorator, such as in the example at Mixing in Relationships:

    class RefTargetMixin:
        @declared_attr
        def target_id(cls):
            return Column("target_id", ForeignKey("target.id"))

        @declared_attr
        def target(cls):
            return relationship("Target")

This form is supported within the Dataclasses `field()` object by using a lambda to indicate the SQLAlchemy construct inside the `field()`. Using `declared_attr()` to surround the lambda is optional. If we wanted to produce our `User` class above where the ORM fields came from a mixin that is itself a dataclass, the form would be:

    @dataclass
    class UserMixin:
        __tablename__ = "user"

        __sa_dataclass_metadata_key__ = "sa"

        id: int = field(init=False, metadata={"sa": Column(Integer, primary_key=True)})

        addresses: List[Address] = field(
            default_factory=list, metadata={"sa": lambda: relationship("Address")}
        )

    @dataclass
    class AddressMixin:
        __tablename__ = "address"
        __sa_dataclass_metadata_key__ = "sa"
        id: int = field(init=False, metadata={"sa": Column(Integer, primary_key=True)})
        user_id: int = field(
            init=False, metadata={"sa": lambda: Column(ForeignKey("user.id"))}
        )
        email_address: str = field(default=None, metadata={"sa": Column(String(50))})

    @mapper_registry.mapped
    class User(UserMixin):
        pass

    @mapper_registry.mapped
    class Address(AddressMixin):
        pass

New in version 1.4.2: Added support for “declared attr” style mixin attributes, namely `relationship()` constructs as well as `Column` objects with foreign key declarations, to be used within “Dataclasses with Declarative Table” style mappings.

## Applying ORM mappings to an existing attrs class

The attrs library is a popular third party library that provides similar features as dataclasses, with many additional features provided not found in ordinary dataclasses.

A class augmented with attrs uses the `@define` decorator. This decorator initiates a process to scan the class for attributes that define the class’ behavior, which are then used to generate methods, documentation, and annotations.

The SQLAlchemy ORM supports mapping an attrs class using Declarative with Imperative Table or Imperative mapping. The general form of these two styles is fully equivalent to the Mapping dataclasses using Declarative Mapping and Mapping dataclasses using Declarative With Imperative Table mapping forms used with dataclasses, where the inline attribute directives used by dataclasses or attrs are unchanged, and SQLAlchemy’s table-oriented instrumentation is applied at runtime.

The `@define` decorator of attrs by default replaces the annotated class with a new __slots__ based class, which is not supported. When using the old style annotation `@attr.s` or using `define(slots=False)`, the class does not get replaced. Furthermore attrs removes its own class-bound attributes after the decorator runs, so that SQLAlchemy’s mapping process takes over these attributes without any issue. Both decorators, `@attr.s` and `@define(slots=False)` work with SQLAlchemy.

### Mapping attrs with Declarative “Imperative Table”

In the “Declarative with Imperative Table” style, a `Table` object is declared inline with the declarative class. The `@define` decorator is applied to the class first, then the `registry.mapped()` decorator second:

    from __future__ import annotations

    from typing import List

    from attrs import define
    from sqlalchemy import Column
    from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
    from sqlalchemy import Integer
    from sqlalchemy import MetaData
    from sqlalchemy import String
    from sqlalchemy import Table
    from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

    mapper_registry = registry()

    @mapper_registry.mapped
    @define(slots=False)
    class User:
        __table__ = Table(
            "user",
            mapper_registry.metadata,
            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
            Column("name", String(50)),
            Column("fullname", String(50)),
            Column("nickname", String(12)),
        )
        id: int
        name: str
        fullname: str
        nickname: str
        addresses: List[Address]

        __mapper_args__ = {  # type: ignore
            "properties": {
                "addresses": relationship("Address"),
            }
        }

    @mapper_registry.mapped
    @define(slots=False)
    class Address:
        __table__ = Table(
            "address",
            mapper_registry.metadata,
            Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
            Column("user_id", Integer, ForeignKey("user.id")),
            Column("email_address", String(50)),
        )
        id: int
        user_id: int
        email_address: Optional[str]

Note

The `attrs` `slots=True` option, which enables `__slots__` on a mapped class, cannot be used with SQLAlchemy mappings without fully implementing alternative attribute instrumentation, as mapped classes normally rely upon direct access to `__dict__` for state storage. Behavior is undefined when this option is present.

### Mapping attrs with Imperative Mapping

Just as is the case with dataclasses, we can make use of `registry.map_imperatively()` to map an existing `attrs` class as well:

    from __future__ import annotations

    from typing import List

    from attrs import define
    from sqlalchemy import Column
    from sqlalchemy import ForeignKey
    from sqlalchemy import Integer
    from sqlalchemy import MetaData
    from sqlalchemy import String
    from sqlalchemy import Table
    from sqlalchemy.orm import registry
    from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship

    mapper_registry = registry()

    @define(slots=False)
    class User:
        id: int
        name: str
        fullname: str
        nickname: str
        addresses: List[Address]

    @define(slots=False)
    class Address:
        id: int
        user_id: int
        email_address: Optional[str]

    metadata_obj = MetaData()

    user = Table(
        "user",
        metadata_obj,
        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
        Column("name", String(50)),
        Column("fullname", String(50)),
        Column("nickname", String(12)),
    )

    address = Table(
        "address",
        metadata_obj,
        Column("id", Integer, primary_key=True),
        Column("user_id", Integer, ForeignKey("user.id")),
        Column("email_address", String(50)),
    )

    mapper_registry.map_imperatively(
        User,
        user,
        properties={
            "addresses": relationship(Address, backref="user", order_by=address.c.id),
        },
    )

    mapper_registry.map_imperatively(Address, address)

The above form is equivalent to the previous example using Declarative with Imperative Table.