# Client Quick Start Guide

| from Pogo, by Walt Kelly Take it away, boys!

## 1. Related Links

### 1.1. Handbook Pages

- Command Index

- Access Control Support

- Association Management

- Authentication Support

- Automatic Server Discovery Schemes

- Rate Management

- Reference Clock Support

## 2. Table of Contents

- Introduction

- Configuration Basics

- Using the NTP Pool

- How Many Servers?

- Configuring A Local GPS

- Special considerations when using DHCP

- Sanity-Checking Your Time Service

- Network Time Security

## 3. Introduction

This page is a quick start for the 99% of NTP configurations that are not intended to serve time to others, but just run in client mode and optionally have a local GPS reference clock. It describes how to write a basic `ntp.conf` configuration file for this common case, and introduces some concepts that will be useful later on in the Handbook.

If you installed NTPsec using a distro package, the package’s stock configuration may not need any changes. You can use this guide to understand the default configuration. If you installed NTPsec from source, this guide will help you build your configuration.

It is very likely that your NTP configuration file, `ntp.conf` , resides in `/etc` . On Debian (and derivatives), it is in `/etc/ntpsec` if you installed from the package.

If you are using a typical residential setup, in which your machine performs DHCP to your ISP’s servers and receives a dynamic address, your `ntp.conf` may be altered or generated by DHCP at address-allocation time to use the NTP servers provided by DHCP.

NTPsec, unlike legacy versions, can also be configured using an Apache-style directory `/etc/ntp.d/` of configuration-file segments. This is intended to make life easier for software configurators, which can write independent segments rather than having to do the kind of edit-in-place on a flat `ntp.conf` that comes naturally to a human.

## 4. Configuration basics

An NTP configuration file normally consists of three sections: logging controls, security/access controls, and `server`/`refclock` declarations. In most configurations, the first two sections will be a boilerplate set of defaults.

Under `/etc/ntp.d/`, the text in these segments can be split up into file parts (with names ending in .conf) in any way that is convenient. Parts are evaluated in the text sort order of their names.

The simplest, minimal logging configuration consists of a line like this:

    driftfile /var/lib/ntp/ntp.drift

This sets up a drift file, which is used to store a measurement of the drift frequency of your computer’s clock crystal between runs of `ntpd`. The drift is used to converge on correct time more quickly after startup.

You might see something more like this:

    driftfile /var/lib/ntp/ntp.drift

    statsdir /var/log/ntpstats/

    statistics loopstats peerstats clockstats
    filegen loopstats file loopstats type day enable
    filegen peerstats file peerstats type day enable
    filegen clockstats file clockstats type day enable

    logfile /var/log/ntpd.log
    logconfig =syncall +clockall +peerall +sysall

This is a logging section intended to enable extensive statistics and diagnostics useful for tuning your time service.

Note that the directories in which the log files are being created need to exist, and be writable by the user under which `ntpd` runs.

Your security/access section will almost always look a lot like this:

    restrict default kod limited nomodify noquery
    restrict 127.0.0.1
    restrict ::1

This disallows configuration or `ntpq` queries from anywhere off the local system. Older configurations may duplicate the `restrict default` line into a `restrict -6 default` and/or use `-6` on the IPv6 localhost exception. These are no longer necessary, but not harmful.

The server/refclock declarations are the most variable part of the configuration. They tell `ntpd` what its sources for time are.

## 5. Using the NTP Pool

The NTP Pool is a dynamic collection of publicly available servers that freely provide highly accurate time via the Network Time Protocol to clients worldwide. The machines that are "in the pool" are part of the pool.ntp.org domain as well as many subdomains divided by geographical region or software vendor, and are distributed to NTP clients via round robin DNS.

Your `ntp.conf` can use one or several of these DNS names. The NTP Pool documentation gives this example (but see below for a better version):

    server 0.pool.ntp.org
    server 1.pool.ntp.org
    server 2.pool.ntp.org
    server 3.pool.ntp.org

In a pre-configured NTP installation set up by an OS vendor or distribution packager, you are likely to see a set of time-server declarations pointing at a vendor subdomain of the NTP Pool (`0.vendor.pool.ntp.org`, etc.).

Multiple declarations of individual pool servers is not the best method; they’re a workaround for a historical bug in NTP Classic. It’s better to use the `pool` directive:

    pool 0.pool.ntp.org
    pool 1.pool.ntp.org
    pool 2.pool.ntp.org
    pool 3.pool.ntp.org

Use of the `server` command does a one-time DNS lookup, and uses the IP address returned thereafter. If the server becomes unavailable, the DNS name will not be re-resolved. The `pool` command will use multiple servers that the DNS name resolves to, refreshing as required. For details on the refreshing algorithm, see Association Management. The number of associations is controlled by the `maxclock` option of the `tos` command, which should typically be changed from the default.

Using only a single pool entry has some limitations:

    # This works, but is IPv4 only and spins up associations slower:
    pool pool.ntp.org

    # Likewise for 0, 1, or 3:
    pool 0.pool.ntp.org

    # Only the "2" hostname has IPv6 currently, so this works with both IPv4
    # IPv6, but still spins up associations slower than using all four names:
    pool 2.pool.ntp.org

    # Vendor domains do not work with only the top-level name:
    pool vendor.pool.ntp.org

    # The numbers work with vendor subdomains, with the same caveats:
    pool 0.vendor.pool.ntp.org

Note: while you could in theory request time service from any specific time server in the world, it is considered bad form to use a non-pool server unless you know you have permission. This applies, in particular, to various public timeservers maintained by corporations or academic institutions and intended to be used by their members.

For high-quality time service, it is advantageous if your upstream servers are located where packet-transit times to you are short and there is little random variation in them. Unfortunately, "near you on the network" is often difficult to map and changes unpredictably over time. However, there is a very rough correlation with national boundaries—​more so when the country in question is geographically small and relatively advanced.

The NTP Pool DNS servers try to give you servers in the same country or continent, but this is not guaranteed. Accordingly, the NTP Pool has subdomains for many countries, named by ISO country code. If you are in the United Kingdom, for example, you might want to use the UK subdomain:

    pool 0.uk.pool.ntp.org
    pool 1.uk.pool.ntp.org
    pool 2.uk.pool.ntp.org
    pool 3.uk.pool.ntp.org

If you know your ISO country code, it is often possible to find an analogous group of servers by pinging them.

Ideally, one would like one’s servers to use multiple different kinds of timesources (as opposed to, say, all being GPS-based) and be split across different autonomous networks as a hedge against outages and routing problems. Unfortunately, the random nature of pool allocation makes this impossible to guarantee. It is, however, worth keeping in mind if you can set up a custom configuration with non-pool servers that you have permission to use.

## 6. How Many Servers?

If you have only one server, things are simple. Your system will follow that server even if it doesn’t have the correct time. (Your server might bail if the local clock is too far off - see panic threshold.)

Two servers might seem like a simple redundant setup, but what happens if they don’t agree? NTP has no way to determine which one is correct.

If you have three servers, two can outvote a falseticker. But that reduces to two if one of them is not responding.

If you are using 4 servers, you still have 3 if one of them stops responding. Unless you are serving time to other systems, this is a reasonable setup. It is normal for client-only systems.

You can add more servers. With 5 servers, you still have 3 if 2 are down and 3 can outvote 2 falsetickers. That may be appropriate if you need high reliability, say because you are serving hundreds of clients.

One `pool` declaration will normally get you four or more servers.

## 7. Configuring A Local GPS

Connecting a local GPS to your machine will provide extremely accurate time, provided it has PPS capability. However, unless your GPS has a perfect continuous skyview, you will still want to use servers from the the NTP Pool or elsewhere.

The easiest way to arrange this is by installing GPSD to watch the GPS, and configuring your `ntpd` to accept time from it. It is also possible to do this with native `ntpd` drivers (nmea, trimble, oncore), though these are less flexible and a bit more difficult to configure.

The following configuration lines tell your `ntpd` to accept time from GPSD:

    refclock shm unit 1 prefer refid PPS
    refclock shm unit 0 refid GPS

Note the order above; `ntpd` prefers earlier defined refclocks to later. PPS is significantly more accurate than the in-band stream.

For details on setting up the GPSD end, see the GPSD Time Service HOWTO.

If you are looking to set up a Stratum 1 timeserver, you may find Stratum-1-Microserver HOWTO helpful.

## 8. Special considerations when using DHCP

If your machine uses DHCP to get a dynamic IP address from your ISP, that handshake may provide you with a list of NTP servers. Suspect this if, when you look at your `ntp.conf`, you see server domain names obviously belonging to your ISP or your ntpq -p printout doesn’t match what you expect.

The way this works is that your DHCP client requests the list, then it restarts your `ntpd` with a custom configuration file generated from that list.

A good thing about this is that your ISP is likely to hand you servers that are close to you on its network and will thus have fairly steady ping times. A bad thing is that you may have difficulty making configuration of a local reference clock stick.

If you look in your `/etc/init.d/ntp` file, systemd unit, or other scripts involved in starting `ntpd`, you may see something like this:

    if [ -e /var/lib/ntp/ntp.conf.dhcp ]; then
            NTPD_OPTS="$NTPD_OPTS -c /var/lib/ntp/ntp.conf.dhcp"
    fi

The -c option tells `ntpd` that the path to a generated configuration file follows. The generation process might pick up your local changes to `ntp.conf` or it might not; this depends on your OS supplier. (Debian derivatives normally do base on your local `ntp.conf`.) If it does, all is well. If it does not, you may have to modify the hook scripts that generate that file, or disable the generation process.

You may also wish to ignore the DHCP-provided servers for other reasons. For example, you may wish to use specific servers which support Network Time Security. On Debian derivatives, if you installed from the package, you can set `IGNORE_DHCP="yes"` in `/etc/default/ntpsec` to ignore DHCP-provided NTP servers.

## 9. Sanity-Checking Your Time Service

Here’s how to tell if and/or how well your time service is working. Wait a few minutes for it to sync with upstream servers, then fire up ntpq with the -p (peers) option. You should see a display looking something like this:

         remote           refid      st t when poll reach   delay   offset  jitter
    ==============================================================================
    *b1-66er.matrix. 18.26.4.105      2 u  871 1024  377    6.655    1.042   0.659
    +tools.ninjaneer 216.218.254.202  2 u  268 1024  377   69.917    0.275   0.858
    -96.226.123.230  129.7.1.66       2 u  689 1024  377   43.322   -2.322   0.982
    -a1.pcloud.com   18.26.4.105      2 u  861 1024  377   41.805   -2.283   0.453
    +juniperberry.ca 17.253.34.253    2 u  682 1024  377   82.361    0.927   1.370

If you have a local GPS you should see something like this:

         remote           refid      st t when poll reach   delay   offset  jitter
    ==============================================================================
    xSHM(0)          .GPS.            0 l   39   64  377    0.000  -591.41  70.967
    *SHM(1)          .PPS.            0 l   43   64  377    0.000    0.003   0.004
    +time-a.timefreq .ACTS.           1 u    5   64  377   48.438    0.487   3.163
    -time-a.nist.gov .ACTS.           1 u   23   64  377   73.233   32.901   0.587
    -fwwds-1-pt.tunn 173.162.192.156  2 u   11   64  377   48.311   -2.082   2.649
    +clocka.ntpjs.or 192.5.41.40      2 u   22   64  377   13.146    0.743   0.644

In the latter table, the first two lines represent the refclock.

In both cases, the column to look at first is the "reach". A value of 377 indicates that your client has been getting samples continuously for eight poll intervals. A value of 0 is bad - it means you’re not communicating with the upstream server or clock at all. To interpret other values, you need to interpret the reach column in octal, expand it to binary, and read each bit as a yes/no for its poll interval Thus, for example, 017 means samples from the last four polls but none before that.

Next, you want to look at the line for "preferred" server (marked with *). This is the one that is closest to the approximation of UTC that NTP’s algorithms have computed from its inputs. What you want to see here is low jitter. The PPS feed in the second example is pretty good. The figures from `b1-66er.matrix.` in the first display are not great, but they’re not out of line for operation over a WAN.

Large offsets are most likely due to asymmetric packet delays; large jitter is more likely due to bufferbloat and other sources of variable latency under load. Note that the units for delay, offset, and jitter are milliseconds.

## 10. Network Time Security

The NTP protocol will work with unauthenticated servers, this is what makes the NTP Pool Project feasible. However, to close off some lines of attack on NTP, especially spoofing and Man-In-The-Middle, NTPsec supports Network Time Security (NTS). Further information on how to enable NTS is available in the NTS Quick Start Guide.

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