LEDGER(1)

NAME
ledger - Command-line, double-entry account reporting tool

SYNOPSIS
ledger [options] [command] [arguments]

DESCRIPTION
ledger is a command-line accounting tool based on the power and completeness of double-entry accounting. It is only a reporting tool, which means it never modifies your data files, but it does offer a large selection of reports, and different ways to customize them to your needs.

COMMANDS
ledger accepts several top-level commands, each of which generates a different kind of basic report. Most of them accept a report-query argument, in order to determine what should be reported. To understand the syntax of a report-query, see the section on QUERIES. In its most basic form, simply specifying one or more strings produces a report for all accounts containing those strings.

If no command is given, ledger enters a REPL, or command loop, allowing several commands to be executed on the same dataset without reparsing.

The following is a complete list of accepted reporting commands:

accounts [report-query]
    List all accounts for postings that match the report-query.

balance [report-query]
    Print a balance report showing totals for postings that match report-query, and aggregate totals for parents of those accounts. Options most commonly used with this command are:
    --basis (-B)
        Report in terms of cost basis, not amount or value. This is the only form of report which is guaranteed to always balance to zero, when no report-query is specified. Only show totals for the top-most accounts.
    --empty (-E)
        Show accounts whose total is zero.
    --flat
        Rather than display a hierarchical tree, flatten the report to show subtotals for only accounts matching report-query.
    --no-total
        Suppress the summary total shown at the bottom of the report.

    The synonyms bal and b are also accepted.

budget [report-query]
    A special balance report which includes three extra columns: the amount budgeted during the reporting period, how spending differed from the budget, and the percentage of budget spent (exceeds 100% if you go over budget). Note that budgeting requires one or more “ periodic transactions ” to be defined in your data file(s). See the manual for more information.

cleared [report-query]
    A special balance report which adds two extra columns: the cleared balance for each account, and the date of the most recent cleared posting in that account. For this accounting to be meaningful, the cleared flag must be set on at least one posting. See the manual for more information.

commodities [report-query]
    List all commodities for postings matching the report-query.

convert
    Reads data from a CSV (comma-separated values) file and generates ledger transactions.

csv [report-query]
    Report of postings matching the report-query in CSV format (comma-separated values). Useful for exporting data to a spreadsheet for further analysis or charting.

entry [entry-template]
    Generate and display a new, properly formatted ledger transaction by comparing the entry-template to the transactions in your data file(s). For more information on draft templates and using this command to quickly create new transactions, see the section ENTRIES.

    The synonym xact is also accepted.

emacs [query]
    Output posting and transaction data in a format readily consumed by the Emacs editor, in a series of Lisp forms. This is used by the Emacs ledger-mode to process reporting data from ledger.

equity [report-query]
    Print a transaction with a series of postings that balance current totals for accounts matching the report-query in a special account called Equity:Opening Balances. The purpose of this report is to close the books for a prior year, while using these equity postings to carry forward those balances.

payees [report-query]
    List all payees for postings matching the report-query.

pricemap
    Produce a file which can be used to generate a graph with graphviz showing the relationship of commodities in the ledger file.

prices [report-query]
    Report prices for all commodities in postings matching the report-query. The prices are reported with the granularity of a single day.

pricedb [report-query]
    Report prices for all commodities in postings matching the report-query. Prices are reported down to the second, using the same format as the ~/.pricedb file.

print [report-query]
    Print out the full transactions of any matching postings using the same format as they would appear in a data file. This can be used to extract subsets from a ledger file to transfer to other files.

push [options]
    In the REPL, push a set of command-line options, so that they will apply to all subsequent reports.

pop In the REPL, pop any option settings that have been push ed.

register [report-query]
    List all postings matching the report-query. This is one of the most common commands, and can be used to provide a variety of useful reports. Options most commonly used with this command are:

    --average (-A)
        Show the running average, rather than a running total.
    --current (-c)
        Don't show postings beyond the present day.
    --exchange "COMMODITY [, COMMODITY, ...]" (-X)
        Render all values in the given commodity, if a price conversion rate can be determined. If multiple commodities are given, values in a listed commodity will remain as-is, and others will be displayed in the first listed commodity they can be converted to. Rates are always displayed relative to the date of the posting they are calculated for. This means a register report is a historical value report. For current values, it may be preferable to use the balance report.
    --gain (-G)
        Show any gains (or losses) in commodity values over time.
    --head number
        Only show the top number postings.
    --historical (-H)
        Value commodities at the time of their acquisition.
    --invert
        Invert the value of amounts shown.
    --market (-V)
        Show current market values for all amounts. This is determined in a somewhat magical fashion. It is probably more straightforward to use --exchange option.
    --period time-period (-p)
        Show postings only for the given time-period.
    --related (-r)
        Show postings that are related to those that would have been shown. It has the effect of displaying the "other side" of the postings.
    --sort value-expression (-S)
        Sort postings by evaluating the given value-expression. Note that a comma-separated list of expressions is allowed, in which case each sorting term is used in order to determine the final ordering. For example, to search by date and then amount, one would use:
            ledger reg --sort 'date, amount'
        The sort order may be controlled with the '-' sign. For example, to sort in reverse chronological order:
            ledger reg --sort '-date'
    --tail number
        Only show the last number postings.
    --uncleared (-U)
        Only show uncleared (i.e., recent) postings.

    There are also several grouping options that can be useful:

    --by-payee (-P)
        Group postings by common payee names.
    --daily (-D)
        Group postings by day.
    --weekly (-W)
        Group postings by week (starting on Sundays).
    --start-of-week day
        Set the start of each report grouped by week to the given day.
    --monthly (-M)
        Group postings by month.
    --quarterly
        Group postings by fiscal quarter.
    --yearly (-Y)
        Group postings by year.
    --days-of-week
        Group postings by the day of the week on which they took place.
    --subtotal (-s)
        Group all postings together. This is very similar to the totals shown by the balance report.

    The synonyms reg and r are also accepted.

select [sql-query]
    List all postings matching the sql-query. This command allows to generate SQL-like queries, e.g.:
        ledger select date,amount from posts where account=~/Income/

source
    Parse a journal file and checks it for errors. ledger will return success if no errors are found.

stats [report-query]
    Provide summary information about all the postings matching report-query. It provides information such as:
    •   Time range of all matching postings
    •   Unique payees
    •   Unique accounts
    •   Postings total
    •   Uncleared postings
    •   Days since last posting
    •   Posts in the last 7 days
    •   Posts in the last 30 days
    •   Posts this month

xml [report-query]
    Output data relating to the current report in XML format. It includes all accounts and commodities involved in the report, plus the postings and the transactions they are contained in. See the manual for more information.

OPTIONS

--abbrev-len INT
    Set the minimum length an account can be abbreviated to if it doesn't fit inside the account-width. If INT is zero, then the account name will be truncated on the right. If INT is greater than account-width then the account will be truncated on the left, with no shortening of the account names in order to fit into the desired width.

--account EXPR
    Prepend EXPR to all accounts reported. That is, the option --account 'Personal' would tack Personal: and --account tag('VAT') would tack the value of the VAT tag to the beginning of every account reported in a balance or register report.

--account-width INT
    Set the width of the account column in the register report to INT characters.

--actual (-L)
    Report only real transactions, with no automated or virtual transactions used.

--add-budget
    Show only un-budgeted postings.

--align-intervals
    Use the beginning of the reporting period as the start of intervals, rather than the beginning of the week, month, quarter or year.

--amount EXPR (-t)
    Apply the given value expression to the posting amount. Using --amount EXPR you can apply an arbitrary transformation to the postings.

--amount-data (-j)
    On a register report print only the dates and amount of postings. Useful for graphing and spreadsheet applications.

--amount-width INT
    Set the width in characters of the amount column in the register report.

--anon
    Anonymize registry output, mostly for sending in bug reports.

--ansi
    Use color if the terminal supports it. Alias for --color

--args-only
    Ignore init files and environment variables for the ledger run.

--auto-match
    When generating a ledger transaction from a CSV file using the convert command, automatically match an account from the Ledger journal.

--aux-date
    Show auxiliary dates for all calculations. Alias for --effective

--average (-A)
    Print average values over the number of transactions instead of running totals.

--average-lot-prices
    Report the average price at which each commodity was purchased in a balance report.

--balance-format FMT
    Specify the format to use for the balance report.

--base
    Reduce convertible commodities down the bottom of the conversion, e.g. display time in seconds.

--basis (-B)
    Report the cost basis on all posting. Alias for --cost

--begin DATE (-b)
    Specify the start DATE of all calculations. Transactions before that date will be ignored.

--bold-if EXPR
    Print the entire line in bold if the given value expression is true.

--budget
    Only display budgeted items. In a register report this displays transaction in the budget, in a balance report this displays accounts in the budget.

--budget-format FMT
    Specify the format to use for the budget report.

--by-payee (-P)
    Group postings in the register report by common payee names.

--check-payees
    Enable strict and pedantic checking for payees as well as accounts, commodities and tags.

--cleared (-C)
    Display only cleared postings.

--cleared-format FMT
    Specify the format to use for the cleared report

--collapse (-n)
    Print only the top level accounts.

--collapse-if-zero
    Collapse the account display only if it has a zero balance.

--color
    Use color if the terminal supports it. Alias for --ansi

--columns INT
    Make the register report INT characters wide. By default ledger will use all available columns in your terminal.

--cost
    Report the cost basis on all posting. Alias for --basis.

--count
    Direct ledger to report the number of items when appended to the commodities, accounts or payees commands.

--csv-format FMT
    Format csv report according to FMT.

--current (-c)
    Shorthand for --limit 'date <= today'.

--daily (-D)
    Shorthand for --period daily.

--date EXPR
    Transform the date of the transaction using EXPR.

--date-format DATEFMT (-y)
    Print dates using DATEFMT. Refer to strftime(3) for details on the format string syntax.

--datetime-format DATETIMEFMT
    Print datetimes using DATETIMEFMT. Refer to strftime(3) for details on the format string syntax.

--date-width INT
    Specify the width, in characters, of the date column in the register report.

--day-break
    Break up register report of timelog entries that span multiple days by day.

--days-of-week
    Group transactions by the days of the week. Alias for --dow.

--dc
    Display register or balance in debit/credit format If you use --dc with either the register or balance commands, you will now get separate columns for debits and credits.

--debug STR
    If ledger has been built with debug options this will provide extra data during the run.

--decimal-comma
    Direct ledger to parse journals using the European standard comma as decimal separator, vice a period.

--depth INT
    Limit the depth of displayed accounts in balance and register reports. Any accounts of greater depth are folded into their parent at the specified level. For example with --depth 2 the account Expenses:Entertainment:Dining would be folded into Expenses:Entertainment for display. Importantly, this is a display predicate, which means it only affects display, not the total calculations.

--detail
    Related to convert command. Synonym to --rich-data option.

--deviation
    Report each posting's deviation from the average. It is only meaningful in the register and prices reports.

--display EXPR (-d)
    Display lines that satisfy the expression EXPR.

--display-amount EXPR
    Apply a transformation to the displayed amount. This occurs after calculations occur.

--display-total EXPR
    Apply a transformation to the displayed total. This occurs after calculations occur.

--dow
    Group transactions by the days of the week. Alias for --days-of-week.

--download
    Cause quotes to be automagically downloaded, as needed, by running a script named getquote and expecting that script to return a value understood by ledger. A sample implementation of a getquote script, implemented in Perl, is provided in the distribution. Downloaded quote price are then appended to the price database, usually specified using the environment variable LEDGER_PRICE_DB.

--effective
    Show auxiliary dates for all calculations. Alias for --aux-date.

--empty (-E)
    Include empty accounts in report.

--end DATE (-e)
    Constrain the report so that transactions on or after DATE are not considered.

--equity
    Related to the equity command. Gives current account balances in the form of a register report.

--exact
    Report beginning and ending of periods by the date of the first and last posting occurring in that period.

--exchange "COMMODITY [, COMMODITY, ...]" (-X)
    Display values in terms of the given COMMODITY. If multiple commodities are given, values in a listed commodity will remain as-is, and others will be displayed in the first listed commodity they can be converted to.

--file FILE (-f)
    Read journal data from FILE.

--first INT
    Print the first INT entries. Opposite of --last INT. Alias for --head.

--flat
    Force the full names of accounts to be used in the balance report. The balance report will not use an indented tree.

--force-color
    Output TTY color codes even if the TTY doesn't support them. Useful for TTYs that don't advertise their capabilities correctly.

--force-pager
    Force ledger to paginate its output.

--forecast-while EXPR
    Continue forecasting while VEXPR is true. Alias for --forecast.

--forecast-years INT
    Forecast at most INT years into the future.

--format FMT (-F)
    Use the given format string FMT to print output.

--gain (-G)
    Report net gain or loss for commodities that have a price history.

--generated
    Include auto-generated postings (such as those from automated transactions) in the report, in cases where you normally wouldn't want them.

--group-by EXPR
    Group transaction together in the register report. EXPR can be anything, although most common would be payee or commodity. The tag() function is also useful here.

--group-title-format FMT
    Set the format for the headers that separate reports section of a grouped report. Only has effect with a --group-by EXPR register report.

--hashes ALGO
    Record the hash of each transaction in a Hash metadata value, according to the hashing algorithm given by the ALGO argument. Supported algorithms are sha512 or sha512_half where both use SHA512, but the latter only stores the first half of the hash value.

    If a Hash metadata value is explicitly provided and does not match what would have been generated, an error is reported. Hashes depend on previous entries, such that setting a single hash value is sufficient to guarantee the shape of the entire history leading up to that entry.

--head INT
    Print the first INT entries. Opposite of --tail INT. Alias for --first

--help
    Print this man page.

--immediate
    Evaluate calculations immediately rather than lazily.

--import FILE
    Import FILE as Python module.

--init-file FILE (-i)
    Read FILE before any other ledger file. This file may not contain any postings, but it may contain option settings. To specify options in the init file, use the same syntax as the command-line, but put each option on its own line.

--inject STR
    Use STR amounts in calculations. In case you know what amount a transaction should be, but the actual transaction has the wrong value you can use metadata STR to specify the expected amount.

--input-date-format DATEFMT
    Specify the input date format for journal entries.

--invert
    Change the sign of all reported values.

--last INT.
    Report only the last INT entries. Opposite of --first INT. Only useful on a register report. Alias for --tail.

--leeway INT (-Z)
    Alias for --price-exp.

--limit EXPR (-l)
    Limit postings in calculations.

--lisp-date-format FORMAT
    Specify the format for dates in lisp output. The default uses the Emacs Lisp time format. Other options are ‘seconds’ (Unix epoch seconds) or a strftime format string like ‘%Y-%m-%d’.

--lot-dates
    Report the date on which each commodity in a balance report was purchased.

--lot-notes
    Report the tag attached to each commodity in a balance report.

--lot-prices
    Report the price at which each commodity in a balance report was purchased.

--lots
    Report the date and price at which each commodity was purchased in a balance report.

--lots-actual
    Preserve the uniqueness of commodities so they aren't merged during reporting without printing the lot annotations.

--market (-V)
    Use the latest market value for all commodities.

--master-account STR
    Prepend all account names with STR

--meta STR
    In the register report, prepend the transaction with the value of the given tag STR.

--meta-width INT
    Specify the width of the Meta column used for the --meta TAG options.

--monthly (-M)
    Shorthand for --period monthly.

--no-aliases
    Aliases are completely ignored.

--no-color
    Suppress any color TTY output.

--no-pager
    Disables the pager on TTY output.

--no-revalued
    Stop ledger from showing <Revalued> postings.

--no-rounding
    Don't output "<Adjustment>" postings. Note that this will cause the running total to often not add up! Its main use is for --amount-data (-j) and --total-data (-J) reports.

--no-titles
    Suppress the output of group titles.

--no-total
    Suppress printing the final total line in a balance report.

--now DATE
    Use DATE as the current date. This affects the output when using --period, --begin, --end, or --current to decide which dates lie in the past or future.

--only EXPR
    This is a postings predicate that applies after certain transforms have been executed, such as periodic gathering.

--options
    Display the options in effect for this ledger invocation, along with their values and the source of those values.

--output FILE (-o)
    Redirect the output of ledger to FILE.

--pager STR
    Use STR as the pager program.

--payee
    Sets a value expression for formatting the payee. In the register report this prevents the second entry from having a date and payee for each transaction.

--payee-width INT
    Set the number of columns dedicated to the payee in the register report to INT.

--pedantic
    Accounts, tags or commodities not previously declared will cause errors.

--pending
    Use only postings that are marked pending.

--percent (-%)
    Calculate the percentage value of each account in a balance reports. Only works for account that have a single commodity.

--period PERIOD (-p)
    Define a period expression that sets the time period during which transactions are to be accounted. For a register report only the transactions that satisfy the period expression with be displayed. For a balance report only those transactions will be accounted in the final balances.

--period-sort
    Sort the posting within transactions using the given value expression.

--permissive
    Quiet balance assertions.

--pivot TAG
    Produce a balance pivot report "around" the given TAG.

--plot-amount-format FMT
    Define the output format for an amount data plot.

--plot-total-format FMT
    Define the output format for a total data plot.

--prepend-format FMT
    Prepend FMT to every line of the output.

--prepend-width INT
    Reserve INT spaces at the beginning of each line of the output.

--price (-I)
    Use the price of the commodity purchase for performing calculations.

--price-db FILE

--price-exp INT (-Z)
    Set the expected freshness of price quotes, in INT hours. That is, if the last known quote for any commodity is older than this value, and if --download is being used, then the Internet will be consulted again for a newer price. Otherwise, the old price is still considered to be fresh enough. Alias for --leeway.

--prices-format FMT
    Set the format for the prices report.

--pricedb-format FMT
    Set the format expected for the historical price file.

--primary-date
    Show primary dates for all calculations. Alias for --actual-dates

--quantity (-O)
    Report commodity totals (this is the default).

--quarterly
    Shorthand for --period quarterly.

--raw
    In the print report, show transactions using the exact same syntax as specified by the user in their data file. Don't do any massaging or interpreting. Can be useful for minor cleanups, like just aligning amounts.

--real (-R)
    Account using only real transactions ignoring virtual and automatic transactions.

--recursive-aliases
    Causes ledger to try to expand aliases recursively, i.e. try to expand the result of an earlier expansion again, until no more expansions apply.

--register-format FMT
    Define the output format for the register report.

--related (-r)
    In a register report show the related account. This is the other side of the transaction.

--related-all
    Show all postings in a transaction, similar to --related but show both sides of each transaction.

--revalued
    Report discrepancy in values for manual reports by inserting <Revalued> postings. This is implied when using the --exchange (-X) or --market (-V) option.

--revalued-only
    Show only <Revalued> postings.

--revalued-total
    Display the sum of the revalued postings as the running total, which serves to show unrealized capital in a gain/losses report.

--rich-data
    When generating a ledger transaction from a CSV file using the convert command, add CSV, Imported, and UUID meta-data.

--seed INT
    Set the random seed to INT for the generate command. Used as part of development testing.

--script FILE
    Execute a ledger script.

--sort EXPR (-S)
    Sort the register report based on the value expression EXPR.

--sort-xacts
    Sort the posting within transactions using the given value expression.

--start-of-week STR
    Use STR as the particular day of the week to start when using the --weekly option. STR can be day names, their abbreviations like "Mon", or the weekday number starting at 0 for Sunday.

--sort-all
    Sort all accounts and commodities.

--strict
    Accounts, tags or commodities not previously declared will cause warnings.

--subtotal (-s)
    Report register as a single subtotal.

--tail INT
    Report only the last INT entries. Only useful on a register report. Alias for --last INT

--time-colon
    Display the value for commodities based on seconds as hours and minutes. Thus 8100s will be displayed as 2:15h instead of 2.25h.

--time-report
    Add two columns to the balance report to show the earliest checkin and checkout times for timelog entries.

--total EXPR (-T)
    Define a value expression used to calculate the total in reports.

--total-data (-J)
    Show only dates and totals to format the output for plots.

--total-width INT
    Set the width of the total field in the register report.

--trace INT
    Enable tracing. The INT specifies the level of trace desired.

--truncate STR
    Indicates how truncation should happen when the contents of columns exceed their width. Valid arguments for STR are leading, middle, and trailing. The default is smarter than any of these three, as it considers sub-names within the account name (that style is called "abbreviate").

--unbudgeted
    Show only un-budgeted postings.

--uncleared (-U)
    Use only uncleared transactions in calculations and reports.

--unrealized
    Show generated unrealized gain and loss accounts in the balance report.

--unrealized-gains
    Allow the user to specify what account name should be used for unrealized gains. Defaults to Equity:Unrealized Gains. Often set in one's init file to change the default.

--unrealized-losses
    Allow the user to specify what account name should be used for unrealized losses. Defaults to Equity:Unrealized Losses. Often set in one's init file to change the default.

--unround
    Perform all calculations without rounding and display results to full precision.

--values
    Show the values used by each tag when used in combination with the tags command.

--value-expr EXPR
    Set a global value expression annotation.

--verbose
    Print detailed information on the execution of ledger.

--verify
    Enable additional assertions during run-time. This causes a significant slowdown. When combined with --debug CODE ledger will produce memory trace information.

--verify-memory
    Verify that every constructed object is properly destructed. This is for debugging purposes only.

--version
    Print version information and exit.

--weekly (-W)
    Shorthand for --period weekly.

--wide (-w)
    Assume 132 columns instead of the TTY width.

--yearly (-Y)
    Shorthand for --period yearly.

PRE-COMMANDS
Pre-commands are useful when you aren't sure how a command or option will work. The difference between a pre-command and a regular command is that pre-commands ignore the journal data file completely, nor is the user's init file read.

args / query
    Evaluate the given arguments and report how ledger interprets it against the following model transaction:

        2004/05/27 Book Store
            ; This note applies to all postings. :SecondTag:
            Expenses:Books                 20 BOOK @ $10
            ; Metadata: Some Value
            ; Typed:: $100 + $200
            ; :ExampleTag:
            ; Here follows a note describing the posting.
            Liabilities:MasterCard        $-200.00

eval
    Evaluate the given value expression against the model transaction.

format
    Print details of how ledger uses the given formatting description and apply it against a model transaction.

parse / expr
    Print details of how ledger uses the given value expression description and apply it against a model transaction.

generate
    Randomly generates syntactically valid ledger data from a seed. Used by the GenerateTests harness for development testing.

period
    Evaluate the given period and report how ledger interprets it.

template
    Shows the insertion template that the xact command generates. This is a debugging command.

QUERIES
The syntax for reporting queries can get somewhat complex. It is a series of query terms with an implicit OR operator between them. The following terms are accepted:

regex
    A bare string is taken as a regular expression (PCRE) matching the full account name. Thus, to report the current balance for all assets and liabilities, you would use:

        ledger bal asset liab

payee regex (@regex)
    Query on the payee, rather than the account.

tag regex (%regex)
    Query on tags.

note regex (=regex)
    Query on anything found in an item's note.

code regex (#regex)
    Query on the xact's optional code (which can be any string the user wishes).

term and term
    Query terms are joined by an implicit OR operator. You can change this to AND by using the and keyword. For example, to show food expenditures occurring at Shakee's Pizza, you could say:

        ledger reg food and @Shakee

term or term
    When you wish to be more explicit, use the OR operator.

show

not term
    Reverse the logical meaning of the following term. This can be used with parentheses to great effect:

        ledger reg food and @Shakee and not dining

(term)
    If you wish to mix OR and AND operators, it is often helpful to surround logical units with parentheses. NOTE: Because of the way some shells interpret parentheses, you should always escape them:

        ledger bal \( assets or liab \) and not food

EXPRESSIONS

abs(value)
    Return the absolute value of the given value.

account
    Return the posting's account.

account_base
    Return the base account, i.e. everything after the last account delimiter ':'.

actual
    Return true if the transaction is real, i.e not an automated or virtual transaction, false otherwise.

amount
    Return the amount of the posting.

amount_expr
    Return the calculated amount of the posting according to the --amount option.

ansify_if(value, color, bool)
    Render the given value as a string, applying the proper ANSI escape codes to display it in the given color if bool is true. It typically checks the value of the option --color, for example:
        ansify_if(amount, blue, options.color)

beg_line
    Line number where entry for posting begins.

beg_pos
    Character position where entry for posting begins.

ceiling(value)
    Return the next integer of value toward +infinity.

cleared
    Return true if the posting was cleared, false otherwise.

code
    Return the transaction code, the string between the parenthesis after the date.

commodity(value)
    Return the commodity of value or the posting amount when value was not specified.

date
    Return the date of the posting.

end_line
    Line number where entry for posting ends.

end_pos
    Character position where entry for posting ends.

floor(value)
    Return the next integer of value toward -infinity.

filename
    The name of the ledger data file from whence the posting came.

format(string)
    Evaluate string as format just like the --format option.

format_date(date, format)
    Return the date as a string using format. Refer to strftime(3) for format string details.

format_datetime(datetime, format)
    Return the datetime as a string using format. Refer to strftime(3) for format string details.

get_at(seq, index)
    Return value at index from seq. Used internally to construct different reports.

has_meta(tag)
    Return true if the posting has metadata named tag, false otherwise.

has_tag(tag)
    Return true if the posting has metadata named tag, false otherwise.

is_seq(value)
    Return true if value is a sequence. Used internally.

join(value)
    Replace all newlines in value with \n.

justify(value, first_width, latter_width, right_justify, colorize)
    Right or left justify the string representing value. The width of the field in the first line is given by first_width. For subsequent lines the width is given by latter_width. If latter_width is -1, first_width is used for all lines. If right_justify is true then the field is right justified within the width of the field. If it is false, then the field is left justified and padded to the full width of the field. If colorize is true, then ledger will honor color settings.

market(value, datetime)
    Return the price of value at datetime. Note that datetime must be surrounded by brackets in order to be parsed correctly, e.g. [2012/03/23].

meta(name)
    Return the value of metadata named name.

note
    Return the note for the posting.

now Return the current datetime.

options
    A variable that allows access to the values of the given command-line options using the long option names, e.g. to see whether --daily (-D) was given use option.daily.

payee
    Return the payee of the posting.

percent(value_a, value_b)
    Return the percentage of value_a in relation to value_b (used as 100%).

pending
    Return true if the posting is marked as pending, false otherwise.

percent(value_a, value_b)
    Return the percentage of value_a in relation to value_b.

print(value)
    Print value to stdout. Used internally for debugging.

quantity(value)
    Return the quantity of value for values that have a per-unit cost.

quoted(expression)
    Surround expression with double quotes.

quoted_rfc(expression)
    Surround expression with double quotes, compliant with rfc 4180.

real
    Return true if the transaction is real, i.e not an automated or virtual transaction, false otherwise.

roundto(value, n)
    Return value rounded to n digits. Does not affect formatting.

should_bold
    Return true if expression given to --bold-if evaluates to true. Internal use only!

scrub(value)
    Clean value using various transformations such as round, stripping value annotations, and more.

strip(value)
    Strip value annotation from value.

tag(name)
    Return the value of tag named name.

to_amount(value)
    Convert value to an amount. Internal use only!

to_balance(value)
    Convert value to a balance. Internal use only!

to_boolean(value)
    Convert value to a boolean. Internal use only!

to_date(value)
    Convert value to a date. Internal use only!

to_datetime(value)
    Convert value to a datetime. Internal use only!

to_int(value)
    Return the integer value for value.

to_mask(value)
    Convert value to a mask. Internal use only!

to_sequence(value)
    Convert value to a sequence. Internal use only!

to_string(value)
    Convert value to a character string.

today
    Return today's date.

total
    Return the total of the posting.

total_expr
    Return the calculated total of the posting according to the --total option.

trim(value)
    Trim leading and trailing whitespace from value.

truncated(string, total_len, account_len)
    Truncate string to total_len ensuring that each account is at least account_len long.

virtual
    Return true if the transaction is virtual, e.g automated, false otherwise.

averaged_lots()
    Return lots with averaged prices.

clear_commodity()
    Clear commodity pricing information.

commodity_price(commodity)
    Return the price of the given commodity.

display_amount(amount)
    Format amount for display.

display_total(total)
    Format total for display.

lot_date(posting)
    Return the lot date of a posting.

lot_price(posting)
    Return the lot price of a posting.

lot_tag(posting)
    Return the lot tag of a posting.

nail_down(amount)
    Fix the precision of an amount.

round(amount)
    Round an amount to standard precision.

rounded(amount)
    Return rounded version of amount.

set_commodity_price(commodity, price)
    Set the price for a commodity.

top_amount(amount)
    Return the top-level amount.

unround(amount)
    Remove rounding from an amount.

unrounded(amount)
    Return unrounded version of amount.

DEBUG COMMANDS
In addition to the regular reporting commands, ledger also accepts several debug commands:

args [report-query]
    Display complete analysis of how ledger interpreted the given report-query. Useful if you want to understand how report queries are translated into value expressions.

eval [value-expression]
    Evaluate the given value-expression and prints the result. For more on value expressions, see the section EXPRESSIONS.

format [format-string]
    Display an analysis of how format-string was parsed, and what it would look like applied to a sample transaction. For more on format strings, see the section FORMATS.

generate
    Generate 50 randomly composed yet valid ledger transactions.

parse [value-expression]
    Parse the given value-expression and display an analysis of the expression tree and its evaluated value. For more on value expressions, see the section EXPRESSIONS.

python [file]
    Invoke a Python interpreter to read the given file. What is special about this is that the ledger module is builtin, not read from disk, so it doesn't require ledger to be installed anywhere, or the shared library variants to be built.

reload
    Reload all data files for the current session immediately. Can only be used in the REPL.

template [draft-template]
    Display information about how draft-template was parsed. See the section on DRAFTS.

ENVIRONMENT
Every option to ledger may be set using an environment variable if the option has a long name. For example setting the environment variable LEDGER_DATE_FORMAT="%d.%m.%Y" will have the same effect as specifying --date-format '%d.%m.%Y' on the command-line. Options on the command-line always take precedence over environment variable settings, however.

FILES

$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/ledger/ledgerrc

~/.config/ledger/ledgerrc

~/.ledgerrc
    Your personal ledger initializations.

SEE ALSO
beancount(1), hledger(1)

The full documentation for ledger is maintained as a Texinfo manual. If the info program is installed on your system, the command
    info ledger3
should give you access to the complete manual.

AUTHORS
John Wiegley <johnw@newartisans.com>