//
// mutual_exclusion_1.cpp
// ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
//
// Copyright (c) 2003-2025 Christopher M. Kohlhoff (chris at kohlhoff dot com)
//
// Distributed under the Boost Software License, Version 1.0. (See accompanying
// file LICENSE_1_0.txt or copy at http://www.boost.org/LICENSE_1_0.txt)
//

#include <asio.hpp>
#include <asio/experimental/channel.hpp>
#include <iostream>
#include <memory>

using asio::as_tuple;
using asio::awaitable;
using asio::dynamic_buffer;
using asio::co_spawn;
using asio::detached;
using asio::experimental::channel;
using asio::io_context;
using asio::ip::tcp;
using asio::steady_timer;
using namespace asio::buffer_literals;
using namespace std::literals::chrono_literals;

// This class implements a simple line-based protocol:
//
// * For event line that is received from the client, the session sends a
//   message header followed by the content of the line as the message body.
//
// * The session generates heartbeat messages once a second.
//
// This protocol is implemented using two actors, handle_messages() and
// send_heartbeats(), each written as a coroutine.
class line_based_echo_session :
  public std::enable_shared_from_this<line_based_echo_session>
{
  // The socket used to read from and write to the client. This socket is a
  // data member as it is shared between the two actors.
  tcp::socket socket_;

  // As both of the actors will write to the socket, we need a lock to prevent
  // these writes from overlapping. To achieve this, we use a channel with a
  // buffer size of one. The lock is claimed by sending a message to the
  // channel, and then released by receiving this message back again. If the
  // lock is not held then the channel's buffer is empty, and the send will
  // complete without delay. Otherwise, if the lock is held by the other actor,
  // then the send operation will not complete until the lock is released.
  channel<void()> write_lock_{socket_.get_executor(), 1};

public:
  line_based_echo_session(tcp::socket socket)
    : socket_{std::move(socket)}
  {
    socket_.set_option(tcp::no_delay(true));
  }

  void start()
  {
    co_spawn(socket_.get_executor(),
        [self = shared_from_this()]{ return self->handle_messages(); },
        detached);

    co_spawn(socket_.get_executor(),
        [self = shared_from_this()]{ return self->send_heartbeats(); },
        detached);
  }

private:
  void stop()
  {
    socket_.close();
    write_lock_.cancel();
  }

  awaitable<void> handle_messages()
  {
    try
    {
      constexpr std::size_t max_line_length = 1024;
      std::string data;
      for (;;)
      {
        // Read an entire line from the client.
        std::size_t length = co_await async_read_until(socket_,
            dynamic_buffer(data, max_line_length), '\n');

        // Claim the write lock by sending a message to the channel. Since the
        // channel signature is void(), there are no arguments to send in the
        // message itself.
        co_await write_lock_.async_send();

        // Respond to the client with a message, echoing the line they sent.
        co_await async_write(socket_, "<line>"_buf);
        co_await async_write(socket_, dynamic_buffer(data, length));

        // Release the lock by receiving the message back again.
        write_lock_.try_receive([](auto...){});
      }
    }
    catch (const std::exception&)
    {
      stop();
    }
  }

  awaitable<void> send_heartbeats()
  {
    steady_timer timer{socket_.get_executor()};
    try
    {
      for (;;)
      {
        // Wait one second before trying to send the next heartbeat.
        timer.expires_after(1s);
        co_await timer.async_wait();

        // Claim the write lock by sending a message to the channel. Since the
        // channel signature is void(), there are no arguments to send in the
        // message itself.
        co_await write_lock_.async_send();

        // Send a heartbeat to the client. As the content of the heartbeat
        // message never varies, a buffer literal can be used to specify the
        // bytes of the message. The memory associated with a buffer literal is
        // valid for the lifetime of the program, which mean that the buffer
        // can be safely passed as-is to the asynchronous operation.
        co_await async_write(socket_, "<heartbeat>\n"_buf);

        // Release the lock by receiving the message back again.
        write_lock_.try_receive([](auto...){});
      }
    }
    catch (const std::exception&)
    {
      stop();
    }
  }

};

awaitable<void> listen(tcp::acceptor& acceptor)
{
  for (;;)
  {
    auto [e, socket] = co_await acceptor.async_accept(as_tuple);
    if (!e)
    {
      std::make_shared<line_based_echo_session>(std::move(socket))->start();
    }
  }
}

int main(int argc, char* argv[])
{
  try
  {
    if (argc != 3)
    {
      std::cerr << "Usage: mutual_exclusion_1";
      std::cerr << " <listen_address> <listen_port>\n";
      return 1;
    }

    io_context ctx;

    auto listen_endpoint =
      *tcp::resolver(ctx).resolve(argv[1], argv[2],
          tcp::resolver::passive).begin();

    tcp::acceptor acceptor(ctx, listen_endpoint);
    co_spawn(ctx, listen(acceptor), detached);
    ctx.run();
  }
  catch (std::exception& e)
  {
    std::cerr << "Exception: " << e.what() << "\n";
  }
}
