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SqlUtil Module

# Introduction to the SqlUtil Module

The SqlUtil module provides a high level database-independent API for working with database objects and SQL.

To use this module, use `"%requires SqlUtil"` in your code.

All the public symbols in the module are defined in the SqlUtil namespace

Major sections of this documentation:

- SQL Operations: working with database data (finding, updating, inserting, deleting, merging data, etc)
- Schema Management: working schema definitions (creating, modifying, aligning tables, functions, types, triggers, etc)
- DBA Management: special database administrator tools

The SqlUtil module provides generic functionality and a framework for SQL operations and schema management, and in order to use the SqlUtil module with a particular database, a driver-specific module has to be available as well.

Currently the following driver-specific modules are available:

- FreetdsSqlUtil: for working with MS SQL Server and Sybase databases through the freetds DBI driver
- MysqlSqlUtil: for working with MySQL databases
- OracleSqlUtil: for working with Oracle databases
- PgsqlSqlUtil: for working with PostgreSQL databases

The underlying driver-specific module is automatically loaded and used when required; the classes provided in the SqlUtil module provide a generic API that uses the driver-specific implementations for the underlying driver-specific implementation.

# Overview of Functionality

SqlUtil provides API support for the following:

- SQL Operations
  - Retrieving Data from the Database
  - Inserting Data into the Database
  - Updating Data
  - Deleting Data
  - Upserting or Merging Data
- Schema Management
  - Creating New Objects
  - Retrieving Objects from the Database
  - Listing Objects
  - Working With Interdependent Tables
  - Aligning Schemas With a Template
  - Table Management
- DBA Management
  - Index Management
  - Database Statistics
  - Space Management

# Release Notes for the SqlUtil Module

## SqlUtil v1.3

- implemented insert option support (see AbstractTable::InsertOptions) with the `"returning"` clause in supported drivers
- implemented support for late table resolution in joins to support executing SQL from serialized parameters
- improved error messages for common errors such as join errors
- implemented support for DBA actions (see DBA Management)
- implemented support for driver-dependent pseudocolumns
- implemented per-column support for the `"desc"` keyword in orderby expressions
- implemented support for `"or"` logic in Where Clauses
- implemented AbstractTable::getBulkUpsertClosure() to better support bulk SQL merge operations
- implemented SqlUtil::wop_or() to allow for generating complex SQL strings with "or" and "and" expressions
- implemented the SqlUtil::cop_cast() operator for converting [column] value into another datatype
- implemented the SqlUtil::cop_sum() aggregate operator for returning sum of column values
- implemented update operators SqlUtil::uop_plus(), SqlUtil::uop_minus(), SqlUtil::uop_multiply(), SqlUtil::uop_divide()
- implemented support for numeric column arguments for the orderby and groupby options
- implemented the SqlUtil::cop_coalesce() column operator functions for the `"COALESCE"` operator returning the first non-NULL value in a list of columns (issue 671)
- column aliases (defined with SqlUtil::cop_as()) can now be used in the where hash argument and in join criteria
- removed all APIs that handle implicit transactions; APIs must commit transactions explicitly (issue 533)
- column operator functions can be used in where hashes (issue 529)
- implemented SqlUtil::AbstractTable::bindEmptyStringsAsNull() (issue 776)
- implemented the `"omit_update"` upsert option for asymmetrical upserts (updates only update a subset of the columns inserted) (issue 791)
- implemented the SqlUtil::AbstractTable::UpsertUpdateOnly upsert option (issue 793)
- implemented SqlUtil::cop_substr() and SqlUtil::uop_substr() operators (issue 801)
- implemented SqlUtil::op_substr() where operator (issue 883)
- fixed a bug with queries using a desc argument with the orderby query option with multiple sort columns; the `"desc"` string was added only to the last column but should have been added to all columns
- fixed a bug where foreign key constraints with supporting indexes were not tracked and therefore schema alignment on DBs that automatically create indexes for foreign key constraints would fail
- fixed a bug where driver-specific objects were not included when dropping a schema
- fixed a bug in subquery handling where bind-by-value arguments from the subquery were lost
- fixed a bug in the partition by/over operator where column names as given in the query argument hash were not properly recognized
- fixed a bug in schema alignment; when aligning a schema and an index supporting a PK constraint is introduced in the new schema, the alignment would fail when a constraint is attempted to be disabled that doesn't exist
- fixed a bug generating select statements for tables accessed through a synonym when used with join clauses; previously inconsistent schema prefixes could be used which could cause errors parsing the SQL statements generated
- fixed a bug where the AbstractTable lock was held while executing SQL to determine the upsert strategy to use with UpsertAuto (issue 409)
- fixed a bug where complex bind values as hashes (such as used by the pgsql and oracle drivers) were rejected by SqlUtil (issue 494) when updating
- fixed a bug where wildcard columns in join tables were not working (issue 499)
- fixed a bug in SqlUtil::op_in() where invalid SQL was generated with an argument of 0 (issue 500)
- fixed a bug in SqlUtil::cop_value() where an exception was thrown with an argument of 0 (issue 511)
- fixed SqlUtil::cop_count() operator to allow other operators as its argument (issue 517)
- fixed bugs in SqlUtil::cop_seq() and SqlUtil::cop_seq_currval() (issue 624)
- fixed a bug in SqlUtil::join_inner() where the cond argument was ignored (issue 645)
- fixed SqlUtil::uop_lower() and SqlUtil::uop_upper() operators to allow nesting (issue 657)
- fixed a bug where SqlUtil was generating invalid SQL for some DBs where a wilcard was used with explicit column names (issue 708)
- fixed a bug where updating an index without any source constraints caused an invalid exception to be raised (issue 768)
- fixed a bug in AbstractTable::update() with sequence operators (issue 942)

## SqlUtil v1.2

- added insert operator support; for example, for inserting with values from sequences
- added new upsert constant maps: UpsertStrategyMap and UpsertStrategyDescriptionMap
- added static SqlUtil::AbstractSqlUtilBase::getDatasourceDesc() method
- added new AbstractTable::insertFromSelect*() variants taking Table arguments
- added SqlUtil::AbstractTable::checkExistence() method
- added support for the `forupdate` select option
- fixed a bug in schema management where excessively verbose column aliases were used that caused errors when automatically updating columns with existing rows and new default values and non-null contraints with PostgreSQL databases
- fixed a bug where select and row iterator operations could fail with certain select hash arguments without a `"columns"` entry but where column names were otherwise required

## SqlUtil v1.1

- implemented new upsert strategy SqlUtil::AbstractTable::UpsertInsertOnly
- adding a default value to a column with a not null constraint and existing data populates existing null columns with the new default value automatically in schema alignment
- fixed an infinitely recursive call in SqlUtil::AbstractTable::del()
- fixed bugs generating "create table" and "align table" SQL with DBs where unique indexes automatically create unique constraints (ex: MySQL)

## SqlUtil v1.0

- initial release of the SqlUtil modules for schema management and SQL operations