________________________________________________________________________

This file is part of Logtalk <https://logtalk.org/>  
SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 1998-2025 Paulo Moura <pmoura@logtalk.org>  
SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
You may obtain a copy of the License at

    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
limitations under the License.
________________________________________________________________________


`java`
======

The library Java entities define a minimal abstraction for calling Java
from Logtalk. This abstraction makes use of Logtalk parametric objects
and allows creating Java objects, accessing Java class fields, and calling
Java class and object methods using syntax closer to Logtalk. It also
gives access to some Java utility predicates.

This abstraction was developed primarily to work with XVM (with its `jni`
plug-in installed) or the JPL library bundled with SWI-Prolog and YAP.
However, it's expected to be implementable with alternative Java interfaces
found in other backend Prolog compilers. Currently, a preliminary
implementation is also available for JIProlog.

The main idea in this abstraction layer is to use parametric objects where
the first parameter holds the Java reference (usually to a class or object)
and an optional second parameter holds the return value. Together with a
forward message handler, this allows the use of Java messages with the same
functor and number of arguments as found in the relevant JavaDocs.


API documentation
-----------------

Open the [../../apis/library_index.html#java](../../apis/library_index.html#java)
link in a web browser.


Loading
-------

To load all entities in this library, load the `loader.lgt` file:

	| ?- logtalk_load(java(loader)).


Testing
-------

To test this library predicates, load the `tester.lgt` file:

	| ?- logtalk_load(java(tester)).


Usage
-----

The two main objects in this library are `java(Reference, ReturnValue)` and
`java(Reference)`. Use the latter if you want to ignore the return value or
when calling a void Java method.

The `java` object implements utility predicates. For some backend Java
interfaces such as JPL (available in SWI-Prolog, XVM, and YAP) there is
also a `java_hook` hook object for removing any overhead when using this
library abstraction.

For usage examples and additional tests, see the `clustering`,
`document_converter`, `jpl`, and `neo4j` examples.


Known issues
------------

When running Java GUI examples on the macOS Terminal application, you may
get a Java error saying that the AWT cannot be started. In alternative, try
to run the example from within the SWI-Prolog macOS application instead
of using the shell integration script. This issue is due to a macOS Java
issue that's orthogonal to both Prolog backends and Logtalk.
