# `lgtunit`

The `lgtunit` tool provides testing support for Logtalk. It can also be used for testing Prolog code.

This tool is inspired by the xUnit frameworks architecture and by the works of Joachim Schimpf (ECLiPSe library `test_util`) and Jan Wielemaker (SWI-Prolog `plunit` package).

Tests are defined in objects, which represent a test set or test suite. In simple cases, we usually define a single object containing the tests. But it is also possible to use parametric test objects or multiple objects defining parametrizable tests or test subsets for testing more complex units and facilitate tests maintenance. Parametric test objects are specially useful to test multiple implementations of the same protocol using a single set of tests by passing the implementation object as a parameter value.

## Main files

The `lgtunit.lgt` source file implements a framework for defining and running unit tests in Logtalk. The `lgtunit_messages.lgt` source file defines the default translations for the messages printed when running unit tests. These messages can be intercepted to customize output, e.g. to make it less verbose, or for integration with e.g. GUI IDEs and continuous integration servers.

Other files part of this tool provide support for alternative output formats of test results and are discussed below.

## API documentation

To consult this tool API documentation, open in a web browser the link:

docs/library_index.html#lgtunit

## Loading

This tool can be loaded using the query:

    | ?- logtalk_load(lgtunit(loader)).

## Writing, compiling, and loading unit tests

In order to write your own unit tests, define objects extending the `lgtunit` object. You may start from the `../../tests-sample.lgt` file. For example:

    :- object(tests,
        extends(lgtunit)).

        ...

    :- end_object.

The tests must be term-expanded by the `lgtunit` object by compiling the source files defining the test objects using the option `hook(lgtunit)`. For example:

    | ?- logtalk_load(my_tests, [hook(lgtunit)]).

As the term-expansion mechanism applies to all the contents of a source file, the source files defining the test objects should preferably not contain entities other than the test objects. Additional code necessary for the tests should go to separate files.

See the `../../tester-sample.lgt` file for an example of a loader file for compiling and loading the `lgtunit` tool, the source code under testing, the unit tests, and for automatically run all the tests after loading. See e.g. the `../../tests` directory for examples of unit tests.

Debugged test sets should preferably be compiled in optimal mode, specially when containing deterministic tests and when using the utility benchmarking predicates.

## Running unit tests

Assuming that your test object is named `tests`, after compiling and loading its source file, you can run the tests by typing:

    | ?- tests::run.

Usually, this goal is called automatically from an `initialization/1` directive in a `tester.lgt` loader file.

When testing complex units, it is often desirable to split the tests between several test objects or using parametric test objects to be able to run the same tests using different parameters (e.g. different data sets). In this case, you can run all test subsets using the goal:

    | ?- lgtunit::run_test_sets([...])

where the `run_test_sets/1` predicate argument is a list of test object identifiers. This predicate makes possible to get a single code coverage report that takes into account all the tests.

It’s also possible to automatically run loaded tests when using the `make` tool by calling the goal that runs the tests from a definition of the hook predicate `logtalk_make_target_action/1`. For example, by adding to the tests `tester.lgt` driver file the following code:

    % integrate the tests with logtalk_make/1
    :- multifile(logtalk_make_target_action/1).
    :- dynamic(logtalk_make_target_action/1).

    logtalk_make_target_action(check) :-
        tests::run.

Alternatively, you can define the predicate `make/1` inside the test set object. For example:

    make(check).

This clause will cause all tests to be run when calling the `logtalk_make/1` predicate with the target `check` (or its top-level shortcut, `{?}`). The other possible target is `all` (with top-level shortcut `{*}`).

Note that you can have multiple test driver files. For example, one driver file that runs the tests collecting code coverage data and a quicker driver file that skips code coverage and compiles the code to be tested in optimized mode.

## Unit test dialects

Multiple test dialects are supported by default. See the next section on how to define your own test dialects.

Unit tests can be written using any of the following predefined dialects:

    test(Test) :- Goal.

This is the most simple dialect, allowing the specification of tests that are expected to succeed. The argument of the `test/1` predicate, `Test`, is an atom that identifies it and must be unique. A more versatile dialect is:

    succeeds(Test) :- Goal.
    deterministic(Test) :- Goal.
    fails(Test) :- Goal.
    throws(Test, Ball) :- Goal.
    throws(Test, Balls) :- Goal.

This is a straightforward dialect. For `succeeds/1` tests, `Goal` is expected to succeed. For `deterministic/1` tests, `Goal` is expected to succeed once without leaving a choice-point. For `fails/1` tests, `Goal` is expected to fail. For `throws/2` tests, `Goal` is expected to throw the exception term `Ball` or one of the exception terms in the list `Balls`. The specified exception must subsume the generated exception for the test to succeed.

An alternative test dialect that can be used with more expressive power is:

    test(Test, Outcome) :- Goal.

The possible values of the outcome argument are:

- `true`
  the test is expected to succeed
- `true(Assertion)`
  the test is expected to succeed and satisfy the `Assertion` goal
- `deterministic`
  the test is expected to succeed once without leaving a choice-point
- `deterministic(Assertion)`
  the test is expected to succeed once without leaving a choice-point and satisfy the `Assertion` goal
- `fail`
  the test is expected to fail
- `false`
  the test is expected to fail
- `error(Error)`
  the test is expected to throw the exception term `error(Error, _)`
- `errors(Errors)`
  the test is expected to throw an exception term `error(Error, _)` where `Error` is an element of the list `Errors`
- `ball(Ball)`
  the test is expected to throw the exception term `Ball`
- `balls(Balls)`
  the test is expected to throw an exception term `Ball` where `Ball` is an element of the list `Balls`

In the case of the `true(Assertion)` and `deterministic(Assertion)` outcomes, a message that includes the assertion goal is printed for assertion failures and errors to help to debug failed unit tests. Note that this message is only printed when the test goal succeeds as its failure will prevent the assertion goal from being called. This allows distinguishing between test goal failure and assertion failure.

Some tests may require individual condition, setup, or cleanup goals. In this case, the following alternative test dialect can be used:

    test(Test, Outcome, Options) :- Goal.

The currently supported options are (non-recognized options are ignored):

- `condition(Goal)`
  condition for deciding if the test should be run or skipped (default goal is `true`)
- `setup(Goal)`
  setup goal for the test (default goal is `true`)
- `cleanup(Goal)`
  cleanup goal for the test (default goal is `true`)
- `note(Term)`
  annotation to print (between parenthesis by default) after the test result (default is `''`); the annotation term can share variables with the test goal, which can be used to pass additional information about the test result

Also supported is QuickCheck testing where random tests are automatically generated and run given a predicate mode template with type information for each argument (see the section below for more details):

    quick_check(Test, Template, Options).
    quick_check(Test, Template).

The valid options are the same as for the `test/3` dialect plus a `n/1` option to specify the number of random tests that will be generated/run (default is 100) and a `s/1` option to specify the maximum number of shrink operations (default is 64).

In all dialects, `Test` is a callable term, usually an atom, that uniquely identifies a test. This simplifies reporting failed tests and running tests selectively. An error message is printed if duplicated test identifiers are found. These errors must be corrected otherwise the reported test results can be misleading. Ideally, tests should have descriptive names that clearly state the purpose of the test and what is being tested.

For examples of how to write unit tests, check the `tests` folder or the `testing` example in the `examples` folder in the Logtalk distribution. Most of the provided examples also include unit tests, some of them with code coverage.

Parameterized unit tests can be easily defined by using parametric objects.

Note: when using the `(<<)/2` debugging control construct to access and test an object local (i.e. non-public) predicates, make sure that the compiler flag `context_switching_calls` is set to `allow` for those objects.

## User-defined unit test dialects

Additional test dialects can be easily defined by extending the `lgtunit` object and by term-expanding the new dialect into one of the default dialects. As an example, suppose that you want a dialect where you can simply write a file with clauses using the format:

    test_identifier :-
        test_goal.

First, we define an expansion for this file into a test object:

    :- object(simple_dialect,
        implements(expanding)).

        term_expansion(begin_of_file, [(:- object(tests,extends(lgtunit)))]).
        term_expansion((Head :- Body), [test(Head) :- Body]).
        term_expansion(end_of_file, [(:- end_object)]).

    :- end_object.

Then we can use this hook object to expand and run tests written in this idiom by using a `tester.lgt` driver file with contents such as:

    :- initialization((
        set_logtalk_flag(report, warnings),
        logtalk_load(lgtunit(loader)),
        logtalk_load(library(hook_flows_loader)),
        logtalk_load(simple_dialect),
        logtalk_load(tests, [hook(hook_pipeline([simple_dialect,lgtunit]))]),
        tests::run
    )).

The hook pipeline first applies our `simple_dialect` expansion followed by the default `lgtunit` expansion. This solution allows other hook objects (e.g. required by the code being tested) to also be used by updating the pipeline. When that is not required, a simpler alternative is to change the expansion of the `begin_of_file` virtual term to:

    term_expansion(
        begin_of_file,
        [
            (:- set_logtalk_flag(hook,lgtunit)),
            (:- object(tests,extends(lgtunit)))
        ]
    ).

This allows simplifying the driver file to:

    :- initialization((
        set_logtalk_flag(report, warnings),
        logtalk_load(lgtunit(loader)),
        logtalk_load(simple_dialect),
        logtalk_load(tests, [hook(simple_dialect)]),
        tests::run
    )).

## QuickCheck

QuickCheck was originally developed for Haskell. Implementations for several other programming languages soon followed. The idea is to express properties that predicates must comply with and automatically generate tests for those properties. The `lgtunit` tool supports both `quick_check/2-3` test dialects, as described above, and `quick_check/1-3` public predicates for interactive use:

    quick_check(Template, Result, Options).
    quick_check(Template, Options).
    quick_check(Template).

The `quick_check/3` predicate returns results in reified form:

- `passed`,

- `failed(Goal)` with Goal being the random test that failed

- `error(Error, Template)` or `error(Error, Goal)`

The other two predicates print the test results. The template can be a `::/2`, `<</2`, or `:/2` qualified callable term. When the template is an unqualified callable term, it will be used to construct a goal to be called in the context of the sender using the `<</2` debugging control construct. A simple example by passing a template that will trigger a failed test (as the `random::random/1` predicate always returns non-negative floats):

    | ?- lgtunit::quick_check(random::random(-negative_float)).
    *     quick check test failure (at test 1 after 1 shrink):
    *       random::random(0.09230089279334841)
    no

Another example using a Prolog module predicate:

    | ?- lgtunit::quick_check(
            pairs:pairs_keys_values(
                +list(pair(atom,integer)),
                -list(atom),
                -list(integer)
            )
        ).
    % 100 random tests passed
    yes

Properties are expressed using predicates. The QuickCheck test dialects and predicates take as argument the mode template for a property, generate random values for each input argument based on the type information, and check each output argument. For common types, the implementation tries first common edge cases (e.g. empty atom, empty list, or zero) before generating arbitrary values. When the output arguments check fails, the QuickCheck implementation tries (by default) up to 64 shrink operations of the counter-example to report a simpler case to help debugging the failed test. Edge cases, generating of arbitrary terms, and shrinking terms make use of the library `arbitrary` category via the `type` object (both entities can be extended by the user by defining clauses for multifile predicates).

The mode template syntax is the same used in the `info/2` predicate directives with an additional notation, `{}/1`, for passing argument values as-is instead of generating random values for these arguments. For example, assume that we want to verify the `type::valid/2` predicate, which takes as first argument a type. Randomly generating random types would be cumbersome at best but the main problem is that we need to generate random values for the second argument according to the first argument. Using the `{}/1` notation we can solve this problem for any specific type, e.g. integer, by writing:

    | ?- lgtunit::quick_check(type::valid({integer}, +integer)).

We can also test all (ground, i.e. non-parametrizable) types with arbitrary value generators by writing:

    | ?- forall(
            (type::type(Type), ground(Type), type::arbitrary(Type)),
            lgtunit::quick_check(type::valid({Type}, +Type))
         ).

You can find the list of the basic supported types for using in the template in the API documentation for the library entities `type` and `arbitrary`. Note that other library entities, including third-party or your own, can contribute with additional type definitions as both `type` and `arbitrary` entities are user extensible by defining clauses for their multifile predicates.

An optional argument, `n/1`, allows the specification of the number of random tests that will be generated and run. The maximum number of shrink operations can be specified using the option `s/1`.

The user can define new types to use in the property mode templates to use with its QuickCheck tests by defining clauses for the `arbitrary` library category multifile predicates.

Note that is possible to complement the random tests performed by QuickCheck by defining a surrogate predicate that calls the predicate being tested and performs additional checks on the generated random values.

## Skipping unit tests

A unit test object can define the `condition/0` predicate (which defaults to `true`) to test if some necessary condition for running the tests holds. The tests are skipped if the call to this predicate fails or generates an error.

Individual tests that for some reason should be unconditionally skipped can have the test clause head prefixed with the `(-)/1` operator. For example:

    - test(not_yet_ready) :-
        ...

The number of skipped tests is reported together with the numbers of passed and failed tests. To skip a test depending on some condition, use the `test/3` dialect and the `condition/1` option. For example:

    test(test_id, true, [condition(current_prolog_flag(bounded,true))) :-
        ...

The conditional compilation directives can also be used in alternative but note that in this case there will be no report on the number of skipped tests.

## Testing non-deterministic predicates

For testing non-deterministic predicates (with a finite and manageable number of solutions), you can wrap the test goal using the standard `findall/3` predicate to collect all solutions and check against the list of expected solutions. When the expected solutions are a set, use in alternative the standard `setof/3` predicate. Ground results can be compared using the `==/2` predicate. Non-ground results can be compared using the `variant/2` predicate provided by `lgtunit`.

## Testing generators

To test all solutions of a predicate that acts as a generator, we can use the `forall/2` predicate as the test goal with the `assertion/2` predicate called to report details on any solution that fails the test. For example:

    :- uses(lgtunit, [assertion/2]).
    ...

    test(test_solution_generator) :-
        forall(
            generator(X, Y, Z),
            assertion(solution(X,Y,Z), my_test(X,Y,Z))
        ).

## Testing input/output predicates

Extensive support for testing input/output predicates is provided, based on similar support found on the Prolog conformance testing framework written by Péter Szabó and Péter Szeredi.

Two sets of predicates are provided, one for testing text input/output and one for testing binary input/output. In both cases, temporary files (possibly referenced by a user-defined alias) are used. The predicates allow setting, checking, and cleaning text/binary input/output. There is also a small set of helper predicates for dealing with stream handles and stream positions.

For practical examples, check the included tests for Prolog conformance of standard input/output predicates.

## Suppressing tested predicates output

Sometimes predicates being tested output text or binary data that at best clutters testing logs and at worse can interfere with parsing of test logs. If that output itself is not under testing, you can suppress it by using the goals `^^suppress_text_output` or `^^suppress_binary_output` at the beginning of the tests.

## Unit tests with timeout limits

There’s no portable way to call a goal with a timeout limit. However, some backend Prolog compilers provide this functionality:

- B-Prolog: `time_out/3` predicate

- ECLiPSe: `timeout/3` and `timeout/7` library predicates

- SICStus Prolog: `time_out/3` library predicate

- SWI-Prolog: `call_with_time_limit/2` library predicate

- YAP: `time_out/3` library predicate

Logtalk provides a `timeout` portability library implementing a simple abstraction for those backend Prolog compilers.

The `logtalk_tester` automation script accepts a timeout option that can be used to set a limit per test set.

## Setup and cleanup goals

A unit test object can define `setup/0` and `cleanup/0` goals. The `setup/0` predicate is called, when defined, before running the object unit tests. The `cleanup/0` predicate is called, when defined, after running all the object unit tests. The tests are skipped when the setup goal fails or throws an error.

Per test setup and cleanup goals can be defined using the `test/3` dialect and the `setup/1` and `cleanup/1` options. The test is skipped when the setup goal fails or throws an error. Note that a broken test cleanup goal doesn’t affect the test but may adversely affect any following tests.

## Test annotations

It’s possible to define per unit and per test annotations to be printed after the test results or when tests are skipped. This is particularly useful when some units or some unit tests may be run while still being developed. Annotations can be used to pass additional information to a user reviewing test results. By intercepting the unit test framework message printing calls (using the `message_hook/4` hook predicate), test automation scripts and integrating tools can also access these annotations.

Units can define a global annotation using the predicate `note/1`. To define per test annotations, use the `test/3` dialect and the `note/1` option. For example, you can inform why a test is being skipped by writing:

    - test(foo_1, true, [note('Waiting for Deep Thought answer')]) :-
        ...

Annotations are written, by default, between parenthesis after and in the same line as the test results.

## Debugging failed unit tests

Debugging of failed unit tests is usually easy if you use assertions as the reason for the assertion failures is printed out. Thus, use preferably the `test/2-3` dialects with `true(Assertion)` or `deterministic(Assertion)` outcomes. If a test checks multiple assertions, you can use the predicate `assertion/2` in the test body.

In order to debug failed unit tests, start by compiling the unit test objects and the code being tested in debug mode. Load the debugger and trace the test that you want to debug. For example, assuming your tests are defined in a `tests` object and that the identifier of test to be debugged is `test_foo`:

    | ?- logtalk_load(debugger(loader)).
    ...

    | ?- debugger::trace.
    ...

    | ?- tests::run(test_foo).
    ...

You can also compile the code and the tests in debug mode but without using the `hook/1` compiler option for the tests compilation. Assuming that the `context_switching_calls` flag is set to `allow`, you can then use the `<</2` debugging control construct to debug the tests. For example, assuming that the identifier of test to be debugged is `test_foo` and that you used the `test/1` dialect:

    | ?- logtalk_load(debugger(loader)).
    ...

    | ?- debugger::trace.
    ...

    | ?- tests<<test(test_foo).
    ...

In the more complicated cases, it may be worth to define `loader_debug.lgt` and `tester_debug.lgt` files that load code and tests in debug mode and also load the debugger.

## Code coverage

If you want entity predicate clause coverage information to be collected and printed, you will need to compile the entities that you’re testing using the flags `debug(on)` and `source_data(on)`. Be aware, however, that compiling in debug mode results in a performance penalty.

A single unit test object may include tests for one or more entities (objects, protocols, and categories). The entities being tested by a unit test object for which code coverage information should be collected must be declared using the `cover/1` predicate. For example, to collect code coverage data for the objects `foo` and `bar` include the two clauses:

    cover(foo).
    cover(bar).

In the printed predicate clause coverage information, you may get a total number of clauses smaller than the covered clauses. This results from the use of dynamic predicates with clauses asserted at runtime. You may easily identify dynamic predicates in the results as their clauses often have an initial count equal to zero.

The list of indexes of the covered predicate clauses can be quite long. Some backend Prolog compilers provide a flag or a predicate to control the depth of printed terms that can be useful:

- CxProlog: `write_depth/2` predicate

- ECLiPSe: `print_depth` flag

- SICStus Prolog: `toplevel_print_options` flag

- SWI-Prolog 7.1.10 or earlier: `toplevel_print_options` flag

- SWI-Prolog 7.1.11 or later: `answer_write_options` flag

- XSB: `set_file_write_depth/1` predicate

- YAP: `write_depth/2-3` predicates

## Automating running unit tests

You can use the `scripts/logtalk_tester.sh` Bash shell script for automating running unit tests. See the `scripts/NOTES.md` file for details. On POSIX systems, assuming Logtalk was installed using one of the provided installers or installation scripts, there is also a `man` page for the script:

    $ man logtalk_tester

An HTML version of this man page can be found at:

https://logtalk.org/man/logtalk_tester.html

Additional advice on testing and on automating testing using continuous integration servers can be found at:

https://logtalk.org/testing.html

## Utility predicates

The `lgtunit` tool provides several public utility predicates to simplify writing unit tests:

- `variant(Term1, Term2)`
  to check when two terms are a variant of each other (e.g. to check expected test results against actual results when they contain variables)
- `assertion(Goal)`
  to generate an exception in case the goal argument fails or throws an error
- `assertion(Name, Goal)`
  to generate an exception in case the goal argument fails or throws an error
- `approximately_equal(Number1, Number2, Epsilon)`
  for number approximate equality
- `essentially_equal(Number1, Number2, Epsilon)`
  for number essential equality
- `tolerance_equal(Number1, Number2, RelativeTolerance, AbsoluteTolerance)`
  for number equality within tolerances
- `Number1 =~= Number2`
  for number (or list of numbers) close equality (usually floating-point numbers)
- `benchmark(Goal, Time)`
  for timing a goal
- `benchmark_reified(Goal, Time, Result)`
  reified version of `benchmark/2`
- `benchmark(Goal, Repetitions, Time)`
  for finding the average time to prove a goal
- `benchmark(Goal, Repetitions, Clock, Time)`
  for finding the average time to prove a goal using a cpu or a wall clock
- `deterministic(Goal)`
  for checking that a predicate succeeds without leaving a choice-point
- `deterministic(Goal, Deterministic)`
  reified version of the `deterministic/1` predicate

The `assertion/1-2` predicates can also be used in the body of tests where using two or more assertions is convenient or in the body of tests written using the `test/1`, `succeeds/1`, and `deterministic/1` dialects to help differentiate between the test goal and checking the test goal results and to provide more informative test failure messages. When the assertion is a call to local predicate to the tests object, you must call `assertion/1-2` using an implicit or explicit message instead of a using super call. The reason is that the `assertion/1-2` predicates are declared as meta-predicates and thus calls the assertion goal in the sender, which would be the `lgtunit` object in the case of a `^^/2` call (as they preserve both _ self_ and sender and the tests are internally run by a message sent from the `lgtunit` object to the tests object).

As the `benchmark/2-3` and `deterministic/1-2` predicates are meta-predicates, turning on the `optimize` compiler flag is advised to avoid runtime compilation of the meta-argument, which would add an overhead to the timing results.

Consult the `lgtunit` object documentation (`docs/tools.html`) for further details on these predicates.

## Exporting unit test results in xUnit XML format

To output test results in the xUnit XML format, simply load the `xunit_output.lgt` file before running the tests. This file defines an object, `xunit_output`, that intercepts and rewrites unit test execution messages, converting them to the xUnit XML format.

To export the test results to a file using the xUnit XML format, simply load the `xunit_report.lgt` file before running the tests. A file named `xunit_report.xml` will be created in the same directory as the object defining the tests.

When running a set of test suites as a single unified suite, the single xUnit report is created in the directory of the first test suite object in the set.

## Exporting unit test results in the TAP output format

To output test results in the TAP (Test Anything Protocol) format, simply load the `tap_output.lgt` file before running the tests. This file defines an object, `tap_output`, that intercepts and rewrites unit test execution messages, converting them to the TAP output format.

To export the test results to a file using the TAP (Test Anything Protocol) output format, load instead the `tap_report.lgt` file before running the tests. A file named `tap_report.txt` will be created in the same directory as the object defining the tests.

When using the `test/3` dialect with the TAP format, a `note/1` option whose argument is an atom starting with a `TODO` or `todo` word results in a test report with a TAP TODO directive.

When running a set of test suites as a single unified suite, the single TAP report is created in the directory of the first test suite object in the set.

## Exporting code coverage results in XML format

To export code coverage results in XML format, load the `coverage_report.lgt` file before running the tests. A file named `coverage_report.xml` will be created in the same directory as the object defining the tests.

The XML file can be opened in most web browsers (with the notorious exception of Google Chrome) by copying to the same directory the `coverage_report.dtd` and `coverage_report.xsl` files found in the `tools/lgtunit` directory (when using the `logtalk_tester` script, these two files are copied automatically). In alternative, an XSLT processor can be used to generate an XHTML file instead of relying on a web browser for the transformation. For example, using the popular `xsltproc` processor:

    $ xsltproc -o coverage_report.html coverage_report.xml

The coverage report can include links to the source code when hosted on Bitbucket, GitHub, or GitLab. This requires passing the base URL as the value for the `url` XSLT parameter. The exact syntax depends on the XSLT processor, however. For example:

    $ xsltproc \
      --stringparam url https://github.com/LogtalkDotOrg/logtalk3/blob/master \
      -o coverage_report.html coverage_report.xml

Note that the URL should be a permanent link (i.e. it should include the commit SHA1). It’s also necessary to suppress the local path prefix in the generated `coverage_report.xml` file. For example:

    $ logtalk_tester -c xml -s $HOME/logtalk/

Alternatively, you can pass the local path prefix to be suppressed to the XSLT processor:

    $ xsltproc \
      --stringparam prefix logtalk/ \
      --stringparam url https://github.com/LogtalkDotOrg/logtalk3/blob/master \
      -o coverage_report.html coverage_report.xml

If you are using Bitbucket, GitHub, or GitLab on your own servers, the `url` parameter may not contain a `bitbucket`, `github`, or `gitlab` string. In this case, you can use the XSLT parameter `host` to indicate which service are you running.

## Known issues

Parameter variables (`_VariableName_`) cannot currently be used in the definition of test options (e.g. `condition/1`).

Deterministic unit tests are currently not available when using Lean Prolog or Quintus Prolog as backend compilers do the lack of a required built-in support that cannot be sensibly defined in Prolog.

Code coverage is only available when testing Logtalk code. But Prolog modules can often be compiled as Logtalk objects and plain Prolog code may be wrapped in a Logtalk object by using `include/1` directives. These two workarounds may thus allow generating code coverage data also for Prolog code by defining tests that use the `<</2` debugging control construct to call the Prolog predicates.

## Other notes

All source files are formatted using tabs (the recommended setting is a tab width equivalent to 4 spaces).