]> Penguin Securities Pte. Ltd.

tomofumi.okubo+ietf@gmail.com

TurboLight Solutions, LLC

corey.bonnell@turbolightsolutions.com

Entrust

john.gray@entrust.com

Entrust

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AKAYLA, Inc.

joe@akayla.com

Algorithm Agility Operational Redundancy Dual Use This document specifies a method to discover a referenced X.509 certificate associated with the current X.509 certificate. This enables efficient multi-certificate or fallback certificate handling in protocols. The objective is threefold: to enhance cryptographic agility, improve operational availability, and accommodate multi-key/certificate usage. The proposed method aims to maximize compatibility with existing systems and is designed to be legacy-friendly, making it suitable for environments with a mix of legacy and new implementations. It includes mechanisms to provide a URI from which the referenced X.509 certificate can be retrieved as well as information about the target certificate's signature and public key algorithm, empowering relying parties to make informed decisions on whether to retrieve the Referenced Certificate, and a certificate hash to ensure that the correct certificate was retrieved. About This Document The latest revision of this draft can be found at . Status information for this document may be found at . Source for this draft and an issue tracker can be found at .

Introduction Cryptographic agility and fallback often feature prominently in cryptographic migrations, whether it's migrating algorithms, infrastructures, keys, or some other aspect. Discovery is a key aspect of agility -- in this case meaning that an application holding an X.509 certificate for a peer can easily learn about and retrieve alternative versions of the certificate they are holding, a space that is under-served by existing X.509 extensions. To address these limitations, this document proposes a novel approach to certificate discovery utilizing the Subject Information Access extension within X.509 certificates. The primary objective of this approach is to enable efficient multi-certificate handling in protocols, offering several key benefits. First, it enhances cryptographic agility by facilitating smooth transitions between different algorithms or X.509 certificate types. This is particularly valuable in scenarios where subscribers need to upgrade their cryptographic algorithms or adopt new certificate types while maintaining backward compatibility with existing systems. Second, the proposed method improves operational availability by introducing redundancy in certificate usage. It enables the automatic discovery and use of Referenced Certificates that can serve as fallbacks, ensuring seamless continuity of services even in the event of expiration or revocation of the Current Certificate, or disruptions in the Certification Authority (CA) infrastructure. Finally, the approach accommodates multi-key/certificate usage, allowing for a CA to indicate that two (or more) certificates are to be used together. The proposed method is designed to maximize compatibility with existing systems, including legacy implementations. It leverages the subjectInfoAccess extension, which is already established in X.509 certificates, and does not require modifications to the referring certificates. This ensures ease of adoption and avoids disruptions to current certificate management practices.

Conventions and Definitions The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.

Definitions For conciseness, this section defines several terms that are frequently used throughout this specification. Current Certificate: the X.509 certificate currently being validated, which contains an subjectInfoAccess extension with the certDiscovery accessMethod pointing to a Referenced Certificate, and may also contain a certDiscoverySelfLocation URI referencing itself. Referenced Certificate: The X.509 certificate that is referenced by the Current Certificate in the subjectInfoAccess extension certDiscovery accessMethod.

Certificate Discovery Access Method This document specifies the new certDiscovery access method for X.509 Subject Information Access (SIA) extension defined in . The syntax of subject information access extension syntax is repeated here for convenience: This document defines a new SubjectInfoAccessSyntax access method id-ad-certDiscovery which is an OBJECT IDENTIFIER that indicates the accessMethod is for carrying a certificate discovery description of a Referenced Certificate. The 'accessLocation' is a GeneralName otherName as defined in . Recall that, in the ASN.1 of Section 14 of , the type of otherName is defined as: This document defines the RelatedCertificateDescriptor type and its corresponding identifier as follows: When the accessMethod has a value of id-ad-certDiscovery, then the accessLocation MUST contain an otherName whose type-id is id-on-relatedCertificateDescriptor and the value is RelatedCertificateDescriptor. RelatedCertificateDescriptor is defined as follows: A certificate MAY have any number of RelatedCertificateDescriptor SIA AccessDescriptions. Each component of the RelatedCertificateDescriptor is defined below.

CertDiscoveryMethod CertDiscoveryMethod describes the method by which the Referenced Certificate can be retrieved. CertDiscoveryMethod is defined by the following: Depending on the method used, the other optional elements of RelatedCertificateDescriptor can become either mandatory, recommended, or forbidden.

byUri The byUri method MUST provide a URI formatted according to from which the Referenced Certificate can be retrieved. When the CertDiscoveryMethod is byUri, the fields signatureAlgorithm and publicKeyAlgorithm SHOULD be populated as described below so that an application can decide if the Referenced Certificate is likely to be useful before performing the retrieval. certHash MAY be populated. After performing the retrieval, the application MUST check that the populated signatureAlgorithm, publicKeyAlgorithm, and certHash match the retrieved certificate; if any do not match then the retrieval MUST be considered to have failed. Note that two (or more) certificates can reference each other in cases where the URIs are pre-allocated prior to certificate issuance, and the certificates to be issued as a batch.

byInclusion The byInclusion method encodes the DER encoding of the Referenced Certificate directly into the Current Certificate. The Referenced Certificate MAY be extracted and used directly as a standalone certificate. When the CertDiscoveryMethod is byInclusion, the fields signatureAlgorithm, publicKeyAlgorithm, and certHash MUST NOT be populated since the content is already present and would be redundant.

byLocalPolicy The byLocalPolicy method signals that the related certificate is available in a repository that is known and accessible to the relying party. The semantics of this method are left out of scope, but applications using this method MUST define the lookup semantics.

byOther The byOther method acts as an extensibility point for adding additional methods in the future. A new byOther method MUST by accompanied by a specification of its wire format and interaction with the signatureAlgorithm, publicKeyAlgorithm, and certHash fields of RelatedCertificateDescriptor.

Signature Algorithm and Public Key Algorithm fields The signatureAlgorithm and publicKeyAlgorithm is to allow an application that has rejected the Current Certificate because either the signature or public key algorithm is unrecognized or violates its policy to instead retrieve an acceptable Referenced Certificate. If present, the signatureAlgorithm MUST match the signatureAlgorithm field in the Referenced Certificate. If present, the publicKeyAlgorithm MUST match the subjectPublicKeyInfo.algorithm field in the Referenced Certificate.

certHash The certHash field is intended primarily as a lookup value for finding the referenced certificate in a repository indexed by certificate hash. When present, it SHOULD also be used to confirm that the correct certificate was retrieved by hashing the retrieved certificate and comparing the hash value. However, it SHOULD NOT be considered a security mechanism because, by itself, it does not convey any intention about why or for what purpose the two certificates are related. The certHash field uses the RelatedCertificate structure, which is defined in and simply contains the hash of a certificate. Recall its definition: Its semantics mirror those specified in , repeated here for convenience. The hashAlgorithm field identifies the hash algorithm used to compute hashValue, which is the digest value obtained from hashing the entire Referenced Certificate. If there is a hash algorithm explicitly indicated by the related certificate's signature OID (e.g., ecdsa-with-SHA512), that hash algorithm SHOULD also be used here. Note that, unlike the byUri method, it is not possible to bi-directionally link two (or more) certificates via the certHash field.

Certificate Discovery Self Location Access Method This document defines a new SubjectInfoAccessSyntax access method id-ad-certDiscoverySelfLocation which is an OBJECT IDENTIFIER that indicates the accessMethod is for carrying a certificate discovery self-reference. In other words, a certificate MAY carry its own URI as a way to further enhance discoverability and validate that the correct certificate was retrieved. The SubjectInfoAccessSyntax AccessDescription accessLocation MUST carry a GeneralName uniformResourceIdentifier. This access method indicates the URI where the Current Certificate is located. Applications which have retrieved this certificate using a byUri method SHOULD extract this value from the retrieved certificate confirm that the correct certificate was retrieved. A certificate MAY have any number of certDiscoverySelfLocation SIA AccessDescriptions.

Expired, Revoked, or Untrusted Current Certificate In the case that the Current Certificate is unusable, for example because it is expired, revoked, does not chain to a trusted root, or for any other reason, the application MAY still follow the RelatedCertificateDescriptor to see if this yields a valid and usable certificate. This provides great flexibility in error-recovery scenarios. In addition, this will allow for more pro-active migration to new infrastructures, knowing that applications will be able to follow RelatedCertificateDescriptors to their preferred version of the certificate. Since this is merely a mechanism for discovering the existence of the Referenced Certificate, doing so from an untrusted certificate does not pose security issues.

Security Considerations Retrieval of the Referenced Certificate is not sufficient to consider the Referenced Certificate trustworthy. The certification path validation algorithm as defined in section 6 of MUST be performed for the Referenced Certificate. A reference from a RelatedCertificateDescriptor, even in the presence of a certHash does not imply any form of endorsement or hierarchical relationship between the two certificates unless the mechanism in this draft is augmented with additional X.509v3 extensions or policies that specify those semantics. The use of the self-reference can be used to provide a subject binding between the Current and Referenced Certificates even if their other data such as subject name or public key do not match. However, the procedure for validating subject equivalence MUST be defined by policy and be consistent with the policies of the issuing CA. As a result, validation of subject equivalence is out of scope of this document. The Referenced Certificate may also have a certDiscovery access method. In order to avoid cyclic loops or infinite chaining, leading to denial-of-service scenarios, the validator SHOULD employ a maximum depth or cycle-detection algorithm. The same security considerations for caIssuers access method outlined in applies to the certDiscovery access method. In order to avoid recursive certificate validations which involve online revocation checking, untrusted transport protocols (such as plaintext HTTP) are commonly used for serving certificate files. While the use of such protocols avoids issues with recursive certification path validations and associated online revocation checking, it also enables an attacker to tamper with data and perform substitution attacks. Applications retrieving certificates using the mechanism specified in this document MUST treat downloaded certificate data as untrusted and perform requisite checks to ensure that the downloaded data is not malicious. Typically, it is unsafe to use any content from a certificate that is expired, revoked, or whose signature cannot be validated. The RelatedCertificateDescriptor extension is an exception to this rule since it is intended to bridge across these exact types of failure scenarios and is merely making the application aware of the existence of a Referenced Certificate. Once retrieved, the Referenced Certificate SHOULD be validated independently as if it had been provided as the Current Certificate. However, applications MAY refuse to retrieve URIs from an untrusted, or, to a lesser extent, revoked certificate. In most cases, a RelatedCertificateDescriptor URI asserted by the CA at issuance time will remain valid for the lifetime of the certificate, unless an incorrect URI is the reason for revocation, or the certificate was forged by a malicious actor for the explicit purpose of getting a victim application to fetch the malicious URI. This specification does not provide a mechanism for identifying the purpose of the cross-reference between certificates. The implied purpose is fallback redundancy. If the purpose is security-related, for example a pair of certificates are only to be used together in a two-certificate protocol, or their revocation status is intertwined as is the case when a signing certificate signs a Certificate Signing Request (CSR) for an encryption certificate, then the CA SHOULD add an additional extension or policy OID to the certificates to further constrain verifier handling.

IANA Considerations

Module Identifier IANA is requested to add the following entry in the "SMI Security for PKIX Module Identifier" (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.0) registry:

Decimal	Description	References
TBD1	id-mod-CertDiscovery	[this-RFC]

Access Descriptor IANA is requested to add the following entry in the "SMI Security for PKIX Access Descriptor" (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.48) registry:

Decimal	Description	References
TBD2	id-ad-certDiscovery	[this-RFC]
TBD4	id-ad-certDiscoverySelfLocation	[this-RFC]

Other Name Form IANA is requested to add the following entry in the "SMI Security for PKIX Other Name Forms" (1.3.6.1.5.5.7.8) registry:

Decimal	Description	References
TBD3	id-on-relatedCertificateDescriptor	[this-RFC]

Normative References In many standards track documents several words are used to signify the requirements in the specification. These words are often capitalized. This document defines these words as they should be interpreted in IETF documents. This document specifies an Internet Best Current Practices for the Internet Community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. RFC 2119 specifies common key words that may be used in protocol specifications. This document aims to reduce the ambiguity by clarifying that only UPPERCASE usage of the key words have the defined special meanings. This memo profiles the X.509 v3 certificate and X.509 v2 certificate revocation list (CRL) for use in the Internet. An overview of this approach and model is provided as an introduction. The X.509 v3 certificate format is described in detail, with additional information regarding the format and semantics of Internet name forms. Standard certificate extensions are described and two Internet-specific extensions are defined. A set of required certificate extensions is specified. The X.509 v2 CRL format is described in detail along with standard and Internet-specific extensions. An algorithm for X.509 certification path validation is described. An ASN.1 module and examples are provided in the appendices. [STANDARDS-TRACK] The Public Key Infrastructure using X.509 (PKIX) certificate format, and many associated formats, are expressed using ASN.1. The current ASN.1 modules conform to the 1988 version of ASN.1. This document updates those ASN.1 modules to conform to the 2002 version of ASN.1. There are no bits-on-the-wire changes to any of the formats; this is simply a change to the syntax. This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is published for informational purposes. A Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a compact sequence of characters that identifies an abstract or physical resource. This specification defines the generic URI syntax and a process for resolving URI references that might be in relative form, along with guidelines and security considerations for the use of URIs on the Internet. The URI syntax defines a grammar that is a superset of all valid URIs, allowing an implementation to parse the common components of a URI reference without knowing the scheme-specific requirements of every possible identifier. This specification does not define a generative grammar for URIs; that task is performed by the individual specifications of each URI scheme. [STANDARDS-TRACK] This document defines a new Certificate Signing Request (CSR) attribute, relatedCertRequest, and a new X.509 certificate extension, RelatedCertificate. The use of the relatedCertRequest attribute in a CSR and the inclusion of the RelatedCertificate extension in the resulting certificate together provide additional assurance that two certificates each belong to the same end entity. This mechanism is particularly useful in the context of non-composite hybrid authentication, which enables users to employ the same certificates in hybrid authentication as in authentication done with only traditional or post-quantum algorithms.

Acknowledgments Thank you to Russ Housley, Michael StJohns, Daniel Van Geest, Alex Railean, Sarat Ginjupalli, and Suzanne Wibada for reviewing the document and providing comments.

Appendix A. ASN.1 Module The following ASN.1 module provides the complete definition of the Certificate Discovery access descriptor.