MULE(1)

NAME
mule - Multilingual Enhancement to GNU Emacs

SYNOPSIS
mule [ command-line switches ] [ files ... ]

DESCRIPTION
Mule is a multilingual enhancement to GNU Emacs. Mule provides a facility to display, input, and edit multilingual characters in addition to all GNU Emacs facilities.

GNU Emacs is a new version of Emacs, written by the author of the original (PDP-10) Emacs, Richard Stallman. Its user functionality encompasses everything other Emacs editors do, and it is easily extensible since its editing commands are written in Lisp.

Emacs has an extensive interactive help facility, but the facility assumes that you know how to manipulate Emacs windows and buffers. CTRL-h (backspace or CTRL-h) enters the Help facility. Help Tutorial (CTRL-h t) requests an interactive tutorial which can teach beginners the fundamentals of Emacs in a few minutes. Help Apropos (CTRL-h a) helps you find a command given its functionality, Help Character (CTRL-h c) describes a given character's effect, and Help Function (CTRL-h f) describes a given Lisp function specified by name.

Emacs's Undo can undo several steps of modification to your buffers, so it is easy to recover from editing mistakes.

GNU Emacs's many special packages handle mail reading (RMail) and sending (Mail), outline editing (Outline), compiling (Compile), running subshells within Emacs windows (Shell), running a Lisp read-eval-print loop (Lisp-Interaction-Mode), and automated psychotherapy (Doctor).

There is an extensive reference manual, but users of other Emacses should have little trouble adapting even without a copy. Users new to Emacs will be able to use basic features fairly rapidly by studying the tutorial and using the self-documentation features.

Emacs Options

The following options are of general interest:

file
    Edit file.

+number
    Go to the line specified by number (do not insert a space between the "+" sign and the number).

-q  Do not load an init file.

-u user
    Load user's init file.

-t file
    Use specified file as the terminal instead of using stdin/stdout. This must be the first argument specified in the command line.

The following options are lisp-oriented (these options are processed in the order encountered):

-f function
    Execute the lisp function function.

-l file
    Load the lisp code in the file file.

The following options are useful when running Emacs as a batch editor:

-batch commandfile
    Edit in batch mode using the commands found in commandfile. The editor will send messages to stdout. This option must be the first in the argument list.

-kill
    Exit Emacs while in batch mode.

Using Emacs with X

Emacs has been tailored to work well with the X window system. If you run Emacs from under X windows, it will create its own X window to display in. You will probably want to start the editor as a background process so that you can continue using your original window.

Emacs can be started with the following X switches:

-rn name
    Specifies the program name which should be used when looking up defaults in the user's X resources. This must be the first option specified in the command line.

-name name
    Specifies the name which should be assigned to the Emacs window.

-r  Display the Emacs window in reverse video.

-i  Use the "kitchen sink" bitmap icon when iconifying the Emacs window.

-font fontset, -fn fontset
    Set the Emacs window's fontset to that specified by fontset. You can specify a fontset just by the name or a comma separated list of fonts. In the former case, the actual contents of the fontset should be defined by X's resource or Emacslisp function new-fontset. In the latter case, a fontset of no name is created from the list.
    You will find the various X fonts in the /usr/lib/X11/fonts directory. Note that Emacs will only accept fixed width fonts. Under the X11 Release 4 font-naming conventions, any font with the value "m" or "c" in the eleventh field of the font name is a fixed width font. Furthermore, fonts whose name are of the form widthxheight are generally fixed width, as is the font fixed. See xlsfonts(1) for more information. When you specify a fontset, be sure to put a space between the switch and the fontset name.

-lsp linespace
    Set the dot size of u(pper) and l(ower) linespace in the form u+l. You can omit u and/or l. The default value is 1+1.

-b pixels
    Set the Emacs window's border width to the number of pixels specified by pixels. Defaults to one pixel on each side of the window.

-ib pixels
    Set the window's internal border width to the number of pixels specified by pixels. Defaults to one pixel of padding on each side of the window.

-geometry geometry
    Set the Emacs window's width, height, and position as specified. The geometry specification is in the standard X format; see X(1) for more information. The width and height are specified in characters; the default is 80 by 24.

-fg color
    On color displays, sets the color of the text. See the file /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt for a list of valid color names.

-bg color
    On color displays, sets the color of the window's background.

-bd color
    On color displays, sets the color of the window's border.

-cr color
    On color displays, sets the color of the window's text cursor.

-ms color
    On color displays, sets the color of the window's mouse cursor.

-d displayname, -display displayname
    Create the Emacs window on the display specified by displayname. Must be the first option specified in the command line.

-nw Tells Emacs not to use its special interface to X. If you use this switch when invoking Emacs from an xterm(1) window, display is done in that window. This must be the first option specified in the command line.

You can set X default values for your Emacs windows in your .Xresources file (see xrdb(1)). Use the following format:

    emacs.keyword:value

where value specifies the default value of keyword. Emacs lets you set default values for the following keywords:

font (class Font)
    Sets the window's text font.

fontSetList (class FontSetList)
    List of names of fontsets. The first fontset in the list is used by default.

fontSet-XXX (class FontSet-XXX)
    Definition of fontset XXX. It should be a comma separated list of font names. Each name should contain at least CHARSET-REGISTRY.

reverseVideo (class ReverseVideo)
    If reverseVideo's value is set to on, the window will be displayed in reverse video.

bitmapIcon (class BitmapIcon)
    If bitmapIcon's value is set to on, the window will iconify into the "kitchen sink."

borderWidth (class BorderWidth)
    Sets the window's border width in pixels.

internalBorder (class BorderWidth)
    Sets the window's internal border width in pixels.

foreground (class Foreground)
    For color displays, sets the window's text color.

background (class Background)
    For color displays, sets the window's background color.

borderColor (class BorderColor)
    For color displays, sets the color of the window's border.

cursorColor (class Foreground)
    For color displays, sets the color of the window's text cursor.

pointerColor (class Foreground)
    For color displays, sets the color of the window's mouse cursor.

geometry (class Geometry)
    Sets the geometry of the Emacs window (as described above).

title (class Title)
    Sets the title of the Emacs window.

iconName (class Title)
    Sets the icon name for the Emacs window icon.

If you try to set color values while using a black and white display, the window's characteristics will default as follows: the foreground color will be set to black, the background color will be set to white, the border color will be set to grey, and the text and mouse cursors will be set to black.

Using the Mouse

The following lists the mouse button bindings for the Emacs window under X11.
MOUSE BUTTON    FUNCTION
left    Set point.
middle    Paste text.
right    Cut text into X cut buffer.
SHIFT-middle    Cut text into X cut buffer.
SHIFT-right    Paste text.
CTRL-middle    Cut text into X cut buffer and kill it.
CTRL-right    Select this window, then split it into
two windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 2.
CTRL-SHIFT-left    X buffer menu--hold the buttons and keys
down, wait for menu to appear, select buffer, and release. Move mouse out of menu and release to cancel.
CTRL-SHIFT-middle    X help menu--pop up index card menu for
Emacs help.
CTRL-SHIFT-right    Select window with mouse, and delete all
other windows. Same as typing CTRL-x 1.

MANUALS
You can order printed copies of the GNU Emacs Manual for $20.00/copy postpaid from the Free Software Foundation, which develops GNU software (contact them for quantity prices on the manual). Their address is:
    Free Software Foundation
    675 Mass Ave.
    Cambridge, MA 02139
Your local Emacs maintainer might also have copies available. As with all software and publications from FSF, everyone is permitted to make and distribute copies of the Emacs manual. The TeX source to the manual is also included in the Emacs source distribution.

FILES
/usr/local/info - files for the Info documentation browser (a subsystem of Emacs) to refer to. Currently not much of Unix is documented here, but the complete text of the Emacs reference manual is included in a convenient tree structured form. /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/src - C source files and object files /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/lisp - Lisp source files and compiled files that define most editing commands. Some are preloaded; others are autoloaded from this directory when used.

/usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc - various programs that are used with GNU Emacs, and some files of information. /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DOC.* - contains the documentation strings for the Lisp primitives and preloaded Lisp functions of GNU Emacs. They are stored here to reduce the size of Emacs proper. /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc/DIFF discusses GNU Emacs vs. Twenex Emacs;
/usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc/CCADIFF discusses GNU Emacs vs. CCA Emacs;
/usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc/GOSDIFF discusses GNU Emacs vs. Gosling Emacs.
/usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/etc/SERVICE lists people offering various services to assist users of GNU Emacs, including education, troubleshooting, porting and customization.
These files also have information useful to anyone wishing to write programs in the Emacs Lisp extension language, which has not yet been fully documented. /usr/local/lib/emacs/lock - holds lock files that are made for all files being modified in Emacs, to prevent simultaneous modification of one file by two users. /usr/local/lib/emacs/$VERSION/$ARCHITECTURE/cpp - the GNU cpp, needed for building Emacs on certain versions of Unix where the standard cpp cannot handle long names for macros. /usr/lib/X11/rgb.txt - list of valid X color names.

BUGS
There is a mailing list, bug-gnu-emacs@prep.ai.mit.edu on the internet (ucbvax!prep.ai.mit.edu!bug-gnu-emacs on UUCPnet), for reporting Emacs bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try to be sure that it really is a bug, not a misunderstanding or a deliberate feature. We ask you to read the section ``Reporting Emacs Bugs'' near the end of the reference manual (or Info system) for hints on how and when to report bugs. Also, include the version number of the Emacs you are running in every bug report that you send in. Do not expect a personal answer to a bug report. The purpose of reporting bugs is to get them fixed for everyone in the next release, if possible. For personal assistance, look in the SERVICE file (see above) for a list of people who offer it. Please do not send anything but bug reports to this mailing list. Send requests to be added to mailing lists to the special list info-gnu-emacs-request@prep.ai.mit.edu (or the corresponding UUCP address). For more information about Emacs mailing lists, see the file /usr/local/emacs/etc/MAILINGLISTS. Bugs tend actually to be fixed if they can be isolated, so it is in your interest to report them in such a way that they can be easily reproduced.

Bugs that I know about are: shell will not work with programs running in Raw mode on some Unix versions.

There is a mailing list, mule@etl.go.jp on the internet, for reporting Mule bugs and fixes. But before reporting something as a bug, please try to check if the bug is Mule oriented or original GNU Emacs oriented. The mailing list above is to discuss Mule oriented matters.

UNRESTRICTIONS

Emacs is free; anyone may redistribute copies of Emacs to anyone under the terms stated in the Emacs General Public License, a copy of which accompanies each copy of Emacs and which also appears in the reference manual.

Copies of Emacs may sometimes be received packaged with distributions of Unix systems, but it is never included in the scope of any license covering those systems. Such inclusion violates the terms on which distribution is permitted. In fact, the primary purpose of the General Public License is to prohibit anyone from attaching any other restrictions to redistribution of Emacs.

Richard Stallman encourages you to improve and extend Emacs, and urges that you contribute your extensions to the GNU library. Eventually GNU (Gnu's Not Unix) will be a complete replacement for Berkeley Unix. Everyone will be able to use the GNU system for free.

Mule is also free; anyone may redistribute copies of Mule to anyone under the terms stated in the GNU General Public License, a copy of which accompanies each copy of Mule.

SEE ALSO
X(1), xlsfonts(1), xterm(1), xrdb(1), m2ps(1)

AUTHORS

Emacs was written by Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. Joachim Martillo and Robert Krawitz added the X features.

Mule was written by Ken'ichi HANDA, Satoru TOMURA, and Mikiko NISHIKIMI of Electrotechnical Laboratory, JAPAN, with a great help by members Mule mailing list.